9.8 Institutions Developing in a Globalized World
6 min read•january 5, 2023
Natalie Pineda
Harrison Burnside
dylan_black_2025
Natalie Pineda
Harrison Burnside
dylan_black_2025
Introduction
Throughout this unit, we've observed how throughout the 20th century, the world became more and more globalized, with connections across nations becoming even larger than they were in previous units. With came (and continutes to come! We're at the present now! 🎉) global institutions to manage global contacts! While individual nations can operate within their own borders, these larger institutions are made up of member states that collaborate on how the world should be run. We'll take a look at a few political and that have grown throughout the latter half of the 20th century!
Political Institutions
The UN
After , many nations, including the USA, tried to establish a to help “keep the world in check” and prevent another Great War. Ultimately, the ideated by failed because the rest of the US government did not approve. The league was unsuccessful and was only sustained for a few years because most of the world’s new superpowers like the USA, , and Great Britain never fully became members.
This image is courtesy of the UN and shows all of the different divisions of the UN.
After , all of the allied forces realized that without some kind of supranational organization (an organization that multiple sovereign nations participate in to work toward a mutual goal), we could face another huge global war. With a council of the , , the , and the , they agreed in 1945 to establish a permanent organization to be the governing body of the whole world 👩⚖️
Today, the UN has 193 member countries and their purpose is to be “One place where the world's nations can gather together, discuss common problems, and find shared solutions” (This description is courtesy of the UN Website).
Now, the UN has multiple main bodies/divisions that have international power: the , the , the , the , the , and the . We’ll discuss the and the more in the section, but for now let’s mainly look at the and the together.
The of the UN (also known as the UNGA) is the legislative body of the UN where they pass resolutions that recognize issues across the world. For example, on the 75th session of the in 2020, was adopted on December 21, 2020 regarding the UN’s stance on the rules for migrants and asylum seekers that reaffirmed their status internationally and officially recognized them as vulnerable people traveling across the world with the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.
The Secretariat is what carries out the normal day-to-day business of the UN and publicizes what is said by the UN . They act similar to an administrative office of your school, but for the UN! The leader of the UNGA and the Secretariat is the .
Peacekeeping
The United Nation’s main strategy for keeping the peace is prevention through diplomacy. Instead of war being the first option, it is the last resort. United Nation diplomats travel to different countries in the world to help prevent conflict in situations where tensions are high. The UN also has forces which are forces consisting of civilians, police, and troops that work with the UN to ease tensions. These forces have helped to end civil wars in Mozambique, El Salvador, and Cambodia.
is not always easy. UN forces could not prevent massacres in Rwanda. In Somalia, the UN was forced to withdraw when a dangerous civil war was overtaking the country.
The biggest challenge to the UN forces is response time. The process of getting foreign countries to accept UN help often takes a long time. So, by the time UN forces arrive, conflicts may have gotten too bad for intervention.
Economic Institutions
The World Trade Organization (WTO)
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an international organization that promotes and facilitates international trade between nations. It was established in 1995 as a successor to the General Agreement on and Trade (GATT), which had been in place since 1948. The WTO operates under the principles of non-discrimination, transparency, and predictability, and it works to reduce trade barriers and promote fair competition between countries.
The GATT was originally established as a temporary organization after World War II to promote international trade and reduce barriers to trade. It was successful in reducing and other trade barriers, leading to an increase in global trade and economic growth. However, as the global economy became more complex and interdependent, the GATT was seen as inadequate to address new trade issues that arose. As a result, the WTO was created to replace the GATT and address these new issues.
The World Bank
is an international financial institution that provides loans, guarantees, and other financial assistance to developing countries for a wide range of purposes, including economic development, infrastructure, and poverty reduction.
was created in 1944 at the , along with the International Monetary Fund (IMF). was initially focused on helping to rebuild the economies of European countries that had been devastated by World War II. However, over time, its focus expanded to include the development of economies in other parts of the world.
is made up of two institutions: the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and the International Development Association (IDA). The IBRD provides financial assistance to middle-income and creditworthy low-income countries, while the IDA provides assistance to the poorest countries.
Regional Economic Organizations (EU ASEAN)
, such as the European Union (EU) and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), are groups of countries that work together to promote economic integration and cooperation among their member states.
The EU is a political and economic union of 27 member countries that aims to promote economic integration, social cohesion, and environmental sustainability among its member states. The EU has its roots in the European Economic Community (EEC), which was established in 1957 by the . The EEC was created to promote economic integration among the member countries, and it eventually evolved into the EU, which has expanded to include a common market, a single currency (the euro), and other areas of cooperation.
ASEAN is a regional organization that promotes economic cooperation and integration among its 10 member countries in Southeast Asia. ASEAN was established in 1967 with the signing of the ASEAN Declaration. It aims to create a single market and production base among its member countries, and it also works to promote economic, social, and cultural cooperation among its member states.
Free Trade Agreements
A Free Trade Agreement (FTA) is an agreement between two countries or more to agree on terms of trade. This agreement affects how goods are traded, how investors are treated, and property rights.
can be between two or more countries, these are called multilateral trade agreements. These agreements are more complex to navigate since each country has its own needs and requests to be negotiated. These types of trade agreements make the nations involved more competitive since the trade alliance covers a vast amount of land. Those in a FTA agree to give partners the best mutual-trade terms and the lowest . are taxes imposed for imports or exports.
The largest multilateral trade agreement is the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). NAFTA, also known as , is a trade agreement between the , , and Mexico. The Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) is a trade agreement between 12 countries including , , , and . The withdrew from TPP in 2017.
When a trade agreement reaches beyond a regional level the World Trade Organization (WTO) gets involved to help negotiate and enforce the agreements.
Key Terms to Review (49)
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
: ASEAN is an international organization established in 1967 by the economies of Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand to accelerate economic growth and social progress among its members.Australia
: A country and continent located in the Southern Hemisphere, known for its unique wildlife, diverse cultures, and significant role in global affairs.Bretton Woods Conference
: The Bretton Woods Conference was a meeting of 44 Allied nations in 1944, held in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, USA. The conference aimed to establish a framework for international economic cooperation after World War II.Cambodia Civil War
: The Cambodia Civil War was a conflict that took place from 1968 to 1975. It was fought between the government forces of King Norodom Sihanouk, later General Lon Nol, and the Khmer Rouge rebels.Canada
: Canada is a country located in the northern part of North America. It's known for its vast landscapes, multicultural cities, and as a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary democracy.Chile
: A long, narrow country stretching along South America's western edge known for its diverse climates from desert in the north to glaciers in the south.China
: China is a country located in East Asia, known for its rich history and culture. It's the world's most populous country and one of the oldest civilizations with a continuous history dating back to at least 2000 BC.Economic and Social Council
: The Economic and Social Council is another organ of the United Nations that coordinates economic, social, and related work among its 54 member nations.Economic Institutions
: Economic institutions are structures created by individuals and societies to control economic activities. They include banks, stock exchanges, regulatory bodies etc., which govern economic behavior and transactions.El Salvador Civil War
: The El Salvador Civil War was a conflict that took place from 1979 to 1992 between the military-led junta government of El Salvador and several left-wing guerrilla groups collectively known as Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (FMLN).European Economic Community (EEC)
: The EEC, also known as the Common Market, was an economic union established in 1957 by six Western European countries to promote free trade among its members.European Union (EU)
: The EU is a political and economic union of 27 member states that are located primarily in Europe. It has developed an internal single market through a standardized system of laws applicable to all member states.Free Trade Agreements
: Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) are treaties between two or more countries to establish a free trade area where commerce in goods and services can be conducted across their common borders, without tariffs or hindrances.General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
: GATT was a legal agreement between many countries whose overall purpose was to promote international trade by reducing or eliminating trade barriers such as tariffs or quotas.General Assembly
: The General Assembly is one of the six main organs of the United Nations, where all member nations have equal representation.Globalization
: Globalization is the process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale. It involves increased interconnectedness among countries due to trade, culture exchange, political relations etc.International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)
: The IBRD is one of five institutions that make up the World Bank Group. Established in 1944, its primary goal is to reduce poverty in middle-income and creditworthy poorer countries by promoting sustainable economic growth.International Court of Justice
: The International Court of Justice (ICJ) is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations. It settles legal disputes between member states and gives advisory opinions on international legal issues referred to it by authorized UN organs and specialized agencies.International Development Association (IDA)
: The IDA is a branch of the World Bank that provides interest-free loans and grants to the world's poorest countries, with the aim of reducing poverty.International Monetary Fund (IMF)
: The IMF is an international organization that aims to promote global economic growth and financial stability, encourage international trade, and reduce poverty around the world.League of Nations
: The League of Nations was an international organization established after World War I with the goal of maintaining world peace. However, it failed largely because many major powers did not join or participate effectively.Mozambique Civil War
: The Mozambique Civil War was a conflict that occurred in Mozambique from 1977 to 1992. It was fought between the government of Mozambique and the anti-communist organization, RENAMO (Mozambican National Resistance).Multilateral Trade Agreements
: Multilateral Trade Agreements involve three or more countries agreeing on terms to conduct trade, often by reducing tariffs and import quotas.North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
: NAFTA is a treaty made in 1994 that created a free trade zone between the United States, Canada, and Mexico. It eliminated most tariffs on goods traded among these countries.Peacekeeping
: The active maintenance of peace by an international force, especially the United Nations, between or within conflict-ridden areas.Political Institutions
: Political institutions are structures and systems within a government that create laws, regulate society, and conduct public affairs.Regional Economic Organizations
: These are international organizations composed of nations from specific regions around the world. Their goal is often economic integration through trade liberalization, investment cooperation, or common currency.Resolution 226
: A resolution passed by the United Nations Security Council in 1966, which called for a voluntary arms embargo against South Africa due to its policy of apartheid.Rwanda Massacres
: The Rwanda Massacres, also known as the Rwandan Genocide, was a mass slaughter of Tutsi ethnic group by the Hutu majority government in Rwanda. This occurred from April to July 1994 and resulted in an estimated 500,000 to 1 million deaths.Secretary-General
: The chief administrative officer of the United Nations or other major international organizations. They carry out day-to-day work, oversee operations, and often serve as mediators during conflict resolutions.Security Council
: The Security Council is one of the six main organs of the United Nations, responsible for maintaining international peace and security. It has 15 members, with five permanent ones that have veto power.Singapore
: Singapore is a sovereign city-state and island country in maritime Southeast Asia, known for its highly developed market economy and multicultural population.Somalia Civil War
: The Somalia Civil War is an ongoing civil war taking place in Somalia. It began in 1991 when a coalition of clan-based armed opposition groups ousted the nation's long-standing military government.Tariffs
: Tariffs are taxes imposed on imported goods and services. They're used to increase the price of foreign products in order to make domestic products more competitive.The UN (United Nations)
: The United Nations is an international organization formed in 1945 to increase political and economic cooperation among its member countries.The World Bank
: The World Bank is an international financial institution that provides loans and grants to the governments of poorer countries for the purpose of pursuing capital projects. It comprises two institutions - International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), and International Development Association (IDA).Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP)
: The TPP was a proposed trade agreement between 12 countries around the Pacific Rim, aimed at deepening economic ties, reducing tariffs and promoting trade to boost growth. Although signed in 2016, it was not ratified by all members and did not take effect.Treaty of Rome
: The Treaty of Rome, signed in 1957, established the European Economic Community (EEC). It was a key document in shaping the structure and development of the European Union.Trusteeship Council
: The Trusteeship Council is a defunct organ of the United Nations that was designed to oversee decolonization and ensure the welfare of inhabitants of trust territories.UN Secretariat
: The UN Secretariat is one of the six main organs of the United Nations, responsible for providing studies, information, and facilities needed by other parts of the UN for their meetings. It also carries out tasks directed by these bodies.UNGA (United Nations General Assembly)
: The United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) is one of the six main organs of the United Nations, where all 193 member states have equal representation. It provides a forum for member states to discuss and coordinate on international issues.United Kingdom
: The United Kingdom (UK) is a sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of mainland Europe, comprising England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.United States
: A country in North America that is made up of 50 states, a federal district, and five territories. It was established after the American Revolution when the thirteen colonies declared independence from Britain.USMCA
: The United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA) is a trade deal that replaced NAFTA in 2020. It updated many aspects of the previous agreement with changes for industries like automotive manufacturing and dairy farming.USSR
: The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), also known as Soviet Union, was a federal socialist state in northern Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991. It was comprised of multiple nationalities living under economies planned by state officials.Woodrow Wilson
: Woodrow Wilson was the 28th President of United States (1913-1921) who played a significant role during World War I and in negotiating post-war treaties including Treaty Of Versailles. He proposed "Fourteen Points" that included formation of League Of Nations.World Trade Organization (WTO)
: The WTO is an international organization that deals with the global rules of trade between nations. Its main goal is to ensure that trade flows as smoothly, predictably, and freely as possible.World War 1
: World War I was a global conflict that took place from 1914 to 1918. It involved many of the world's leading powers divided into two opposing alliances: the Allies (including France, Russia, and United Kingdom) and Central Powers (including Germany, Austria-Hungary).World War 2
: World War 2 was a global conflict that took place from 1939 to 1945, involving many of the world's nations divided into two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. It is considered the most widespread war in history.9.8 Institutions Developing in a Globalized World
6 min read•january 5, 2023
Natalie Pineda
Harrison Burnside
dylan_black_2025
Natalie Pineda
Harrison Burnside
dylan_black_2025
Introduction
Throughout this unit, we've observed how throughout the 20th century, the world became more and more globalized, with connections across nations becoming even larger than they were in previous units. With came (and continutes to come! We're at the present now! 🎉) global institutions to manage global contacts! While individual nations can operate within their own borders, these larger institutions are made up of member states that collaborate on how the world should be run. We'll take a look at a few political and that have grown throughout the latter half of the 20th century!
Political Institutions
The UN
After , many nations, including the USA, tried to establish a to help “keep the world in check” and prevent another Great War. Ultimately, the ideated by failed because the rest of the US government did not approve. The league was unsuccessful and was only sustained for a few years because most of the world’s new superpowers like the USA, , and Great Britain never fully became members.
This image is courtesy of the UN and shows all of the different divisions of the UN.
After , all of the allied forces realized that without some kind of supranational organization (an organization that multiple sovereign nations participate in to work toward a mutual goal), we could face another huge global war. With a council of the , , the , and the , they agreed in 1945 to establish a permanent organization to be the governing body of the whole world 👩⚖️
Today, the UN has 193 member countries and their purpose is to be “One place where the world's nations can gather together, discuss common problems, and find shared solutions” (This description is courtesy of the UN Website).
Now, the UN has multiple main bodies/divisions that have international power: the , the , the , the , the , and the . We’ll discuss the and the more in the section, but for now let’s mainly look at the and the together.
The of the UN (also known as the UNGA) is the legislative body of the UN where they pass resolutions that recognize issues across the world. For example, on the 75th session of the in 2020, was adopted on December 21, 2020 regarding the UN’s stance on the rules for migrants and asylum seekers that reaffirmed their status internationally and officially recognized them as vulnerable people traveling across the world with the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.
The Secretariat is what carries out the normal day-to-day business of the UN and publicizes what is said by the UN . They act similar to an administrative office of your school, but for the UN! The leader of the UNGA and the Secretariat is the .
Peacekeeping
The United Nation’s main strategy for keeping the peace is prevention through diplomacy. Instead of war being the first option, it is the last resort. United Nation diplomats travel to different countries in the world to help prevent conflict in situations where tensions are high. The UN also has forces which are forces consisting of civilians, police, and troops that work with the UN to ease tensions. These forces have helped to end civil wars in Mozambique, El Salvador, and Cambodia.
is not always easy. UN forces could not prevent massacres in Rwanda. In Somalia, the UN was forced to withdraw when a dangerous civil war was overtaking the country.
The biggest challenge to the UN forces is response time. The process of getting foreign countries to accept UN help often takes a long time. So, by the time UN forces arrive, conflicts may have gotten too bad for intervention.
Economic Institutions
The World Trade Organization (WTO)
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an international organization that promotes and facilitates international trade between nations. It was established in 1995 as a successor to the General Agreement on and Trade (GATT), which had been in place since 1948. The WTO operates under the principles of non-discrimination, transparency, and predictability, and it works to reduce trade barriers and promote fair competition between countries.
The GATT was originally established as a temporary organization after World War II to promote international trade and reduce barriers to trade. It was successful in reducing and other trade barriers, leading to an increase in global trade and economic growth. However, as the global economy became more complex and interdependent, the GATT was seen as inadequate to address new trade issues that arose. As a result, the WTO was created to replace the GATT and address these new issues.
The World Bank
is an international financial institution that provides loans, guarantees, and other financial assistance to developing countries for a wide range of purposes, including economic development, infrastructure, and poverty reduction.
was created in 1944 at the , along with the International Monetary Fund (IMF). was initially focused on helping to rebuild the economies of European countries that had been devastated by World War II. However, over time, its focus expanded to include the development of economies in other parts of the world.
is made up of two institutions: the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and the International Development Association (IDA). The IBRD provides financial assistance to middle-income and creditworthy low-income countries, while the IDA provides assistance to the poorest countries.
Regional Economic Organizations (EU ASEAN)
, such as the European Union (EU) and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), are groups of countries that work together to promote economic integration and cooperation among their member states.
The EU is a political and economic union of 27 member countries that aims to promote economic integration, social cohesion, and environmental sustainability among its member states. The EU has its roots in the European Economic Community (EEC), which was established in 1957 by the . The EEC was created to promote economic integration among the member countries, and it eventually evolved into the EU, which has expanded to include a common market, a single currency (the euro), and other areas of cooperation.
ASEAN is a regional organization that promotes economic cooperation and integration among its 10 member countries in Southeast Asia. ASEAN was established in 1967 with the signing of the ASEAN Declaration. It aims to create a single market and production base among its member countries, and it also works to promote economic, social, and cultural cooperation among its member states.
Free Trade Agreements
A Free Trade Agreement (FTA) is an agreement between two countries or more to agree on terms of trade. This agreement affects how goods are traded, how investors are treated, and property rights.
can be between two or more countries, these are called multilateral trade agreements. These agreements are more complex to navigate since each country has its own needs and requests to be negotiated. These types of trade agreements make the nations involved more competitive since the trade alliance covers a vast amount of land. Those in a FTA agree to give partners the best mutual-trade terms and the lowest . are taxes imposed for imports or exports.
The largest multilateral trade agreement is the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). NAFTA, also known as , is a trade agreement between the , , and Mexico. The Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) is a trade agreement between 12 countries including , , , and . The withdrew from TPP in 2017.
When a trade agreement reaches beyond a regional level the World Trade Organization (WTO) gets involved to help negotiate and enforce the agreements.
Key Terms to Review (49)
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
: ASEAN is an international organization established in 1967 by the economies of Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand to accelerate economic growth and social progress among its members.Australia
: A country and continent located in the Southern Hemisphere, known for its unique wildlife, diverse cultures, and significant role in global affairs.Bretton Woods Conference
: The Bretton Woods Conference was a meeting of 44 Allied nations in 1944, held in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, USA. The conference aimed to establish a framework for international economic cooperation after World War II.Cambodia Civil War
: The Cambodia Civil War was a conflict that took place from 1968 to 1975. It was fought between the government forces of King Norodom Sihanouk, later General Lon Nol, and the Khmer Rouge rebels.Canada
: Canada is a country located in the northern part of North America. It's known for its vast landscapes, multicultural cities, and as a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary democracy.Chile
: A long, narrow country stretching along South America's western edge known for its diverse climates from desert in the north to glaciers in the south.China
: China is a country located in East Asia, known for its rich history and culture. It's the world's most populous country and one of the oldest civilizations with a continuous history dating back to at least 2000 BC.Economic and Social Council
: The Economic and Social Council is another organ of the United Nations that coordinates economic, social, and related work among its 54 member nations.Economic Institutions
: Economic institutions are structures created by individuals and societies to control economic activities. They include banks, stock exchanges, regulatory bodies etc., which govern economic behavior and transactions.El Salvador Civil War
: The El Salvador Civil War was a conflict that took place from 1979 to 1992 between the military-led junta government of El Salvador and several left-wing guerrilla groups collectively known as Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (FMLN).European Economic Community (EEC)
: The EEC, also known as the Common Market, was an economic union established in 1957 by six Western European countries to promote free trade among its members.European Union (EU)
: The EU is a political and economic union of 27 member states that are located primarily in Europe. It has developed an internal single market through a standardized system of laws applicable to all member states.Free Trade Agreements
: Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) are treaties between two or more countries to establish a free trade area where commerce in goods and services can be conducted across their common borders, without tariffs or hindrances.General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
: GATT was a legal agreement between many countries whose overall purpose was to promote international trade by reducing or eliminating trade barriers such as tariffs or quotas.General Assembly
: The General Assembly is one of the six main organs of the United Nations, where all member nations have equal representation.Globalization
: Globalization is the process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale. It involves increased interconnectedness among countries due to trade, culture exchange, political relations etc.International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)
: The IBRD is one of five institutions that make up the World Bank Group. Established in 1944, its primary goal is to reduce poverty in middle-income and creditworthy poorer countries by promoting sustainable economic growth.International Court of Justice
: The International Court of Justice (ICJ) is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations. It settles legal disputes between member states and gives advisory opinions on international legal issues referred to it by authorized UN organs and specialized agencies.International Development Association (IDA)
: The IDA is a branch of the World Bank that provides interest-free loans and grants to the world's poorest countries, with the aim of reducing poverty.International Monetary Fund (IMF)
: The IMF is an international organization that aims to promote global economic growth and financial stability, encourage international trade, and reduce poverty around the world.League of Nations
: The League of Nations was an international organization established after World War I with the goal of maintaining world peace. However, it failed largely because many major powers did not join or participate effectively.Mozambique Civil War
: The Mozambique Civil War was a conflict that occurred in Mozambique from 1977 to 1992. It was fought between the government of Mozambique and the anti-communist organization, RENAMO (Mozambican National Resistance).Multilateral Trade Agreements
: Multilateral Trade Agreements involve three or more countries agreeing on terms to conduct trade, often by reducing tariffs and import quotas.North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
: NAFTA is a treaty made in 1994 that created a free trade zone between the United States, Canada, and Mexico. It eliminated most tariffs on goods traded among these countries.Peacekeeping
: The active maintenance of peace by an international force, especially the United Nations, between or within conflict-ridden areas.Political Institutions
: Political institutions are structures and systems within a government that create laws, regulate society, and conduct public affairs.Regional Economic Organizations
: These are international organizations composed of nations from specific regions around the world. Their goal is often economic integration through trade liberalization, investment cooperation, or common currency.Resolution 226
: A resolution passed by the United Nations Security Council in 1966, which called for a voluntary arms embargo against South Africa due to its policy of apartheid.Rwanda Massacres
: The Rwanda Massacres, also known as the Rwandan Genocide, was a mass slaughter of Tutsi ethnic group by the Hutu majority government in Rwanda. This occurred from April to July 1994 and resulted in an estimated 500,000 to 1 million deaths.Secretary-General
: The chief administrative officer of the United Nations or other major international organizations. They carry out day-to-day work, oversee operations, and often serve as mediators during conflict resolutions.Security Council
: The Security Council is one of the six main organs of the United Nations, responsible for maintaining international peace and security. It has 15 members, with five permanent ones that have veto power.Singapore
: Singapore is a sovereign city-state and island country in maritime Southeast Asia, known for its highly developed market economy and multicultural population.Somalia Civil War
: The Somalia Civil War is an ongoing civil war taking place in Somalia. It began in 1991 when a coalition of clan-based armed opposition groups ousted the nation's long-standing military government.Tariffs
: Tariffs are taxes imposed on imported goods and services. They're used to increase the price of foreign products in order to make domestic products more competitive.The UN (United Nations)
: The United Nations is an international organization formed in 1945 to increase political and economic cooperation among its member countries.The World Bank
: The World Bank is an international financial institution that provides loans and grants to the governments of poorer countries for the purpose of pursuing capital projects. It comprises two institutions - International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), and International Development Association (IDA).Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP)
: The TPP was a proposed trade agreement between 12 countries around the Pacific Rim, aimed at deepening economic ties, reducing tariffs and promoting trade to boost growth. Although signed in 2016, it was not ratified by all members and did not take effect.Treaty of Rome
: The Treaty of Rome, signed in 1957, established the European Economic Community (EEC). It was a key document in shaping the structure and development of the European Union.Trusteeship Council
: The Trusteeship Council is a defunct organ of the United Nations that was designed to oversee decolonization and ensure the welfare of inhabitants of trust territories.UN Secretariat
: The UN Secretariat is one of the six main organs of the United Nations, responsible for providing studies, information, and facilities needed by other parts of the UN for their meetings. It also carries out tasks directed by these bodies.UNGA (United Nations General Assembly)
: The United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) is one of the six main organs of the United Nations, where all 193 member states have equal representation. It provides a forum for member states to discuss and coordinate on international issues.United Kingdom
: The United Kingdom (UK) is a sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of mainland Europe, comprising England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.United States
: A country in North America that is made up of 50 states, a federal district, and five territories. It was established after the American Revolution when the thirteen colonies declared independence from Britain.USMCA
: The United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA) is a trade deal that replaced NAFTA in 2020. It updated many aspects of the previous agreement with changes for industries like automotive manufacturing and dairy farming.USSR
: The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), also known as Soviet Union, was a federal socialist state in northern Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991. It was comprised of multiple nationalities living under economies planned by state officials.Woodrow Wilson
: Woodrow Wilson was the 28th President of United States (1913-1921) who played a significant role during World War I and in negotiating post-war treaties including Treaty Of Versailles. He proposed "Fourteen Points" that included formation of League Of Nations.World Trade Organization (WTO)
: The WTO is an international organization that deals with the global rules of trade between nations. Its main goal is to ensure that trade flows as smoothly, predictably, and freely as possible.World War 1
: World War I was a global conflict that took place from 1914 to 1918. It involved many of the world's leading powers divided into two opposing alliances: the Allies (including France, Russia, and United Kingdom) and Central Powers (including Germany, Austria-Hungary).World War 2
: World War 2 was a global conflict that took place from 1939 to 1945, involving many of the world's nations divided into two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. It is considered the most widespread war in history.
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