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1.7 Comparisons in the Period from 1200-1450

8 min readapril 7, 2023

W

William Dramby

Riya Patel

Riya Patel

W

William Dramby

Riya Patel

Riya Patel

A direct comparison is a method of comparing two or more things by looking at them side by side and examining their similarities and differences. A direct comparison can be used to compare almost anything, including people, objects, ideas, events, or concepts. When making a direct comparison, it is important to focus on the specific aspects of the things being compared and to consider how they are similar or different. A direct comparison can be useful in understanding the characteristics of something or in making a decision between two or more options.

College Board will challenge students to find comparisons during the same period from dramatically different parts of the world. Here are a few:

Direct Comparisons (Based on the Years)

There were many significant changes and developments that took place in the period from 1200-1450, both within Europe and in other parts of the world. Some of the key comparisons and contrasts from this period include:

  • Europe in the 1200s was marked by , while in the 1400s it was experiencing the early stages of the , a cultural and intellectual movement that marked a shift towards greater individualism and humanism.

  • In the 1200s, the was a powerful force in Europe and exercised significant influence over political and cultural life. In the 1400s, the Church was facing challenges from emerging that rejected many of its teachings and practices.

  • In the 1200s, Europe was facing a number of external threats, including invasions by the and the . In the 1400s, these threats had receded, and Europe began to focus more on exploration and expansion overseas.

  • In the 1200s, Africa and the Middle East were important centers of trade and cultural exchange, and the and the played a key role in the global economy. In the 1400s, Europe began to emerge as a major player in global trade, and the voyages of exploration undertaken by figures such as and had a significant impact on the global economy.

Direct Comparisons (Based on Dynasties)

  • While had a large bureaucracy to rule, Japan was very feudal and regional.

  • While the used religion to help solidify its power, Western European kingdoms were separate from the power of the .

  • While the was very interconnected to trade routes, Western Europe was very slow to develop because it was outside these trade routes.

  • While the connected large empires of and the , Western Europe had no land-based trade routes to help it develop.

  • In Europe, the , and in China promoted larger populations.

  • Both the and the used Islam to unite peoples who were not united before.

  • Both and northern India kingdoms saw an increase in religious diversity causing political and religious conflict.

  • Both Christianity and Buddhism saw various divisions in their faiths causing political and religious conflict.

New States Emerged

Mamluk Empire (Former Abbasid)

The Mamluk Sultanate was a medieval realm in the Middle East that lasted from the 13th to the 15th century. It was centered in Egypt and ruled by a series of slave soldiers, known as Mamluks, who had originally been purchased as children from various parts of the Islamic world. The Mamluks were able to overthrow their masters and establish themselves as the ruling class in Egypt, eventually expanding their territory to include much of the surrounding region. The Mamluk Sultanate is known for its military prowess and its cultural achievements, which included significant advances in science, literature, and the arts. The came to an end in 1517, when it was conquered by the Ottoman Empire.

Selijuk Empire (Former Abbasid)

The was a medieval Turkic empire that existed from the 11th to the 14th centuries. It was founded by the Seljuk Turks, a group of nomadic warriors who had migrated from Central Asia to the Middle East. The was characterized by its expansionist policies, and at its height, it controlled a vast territory that included parts of modern-day Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan. The is known for its significant cultural and artistic achievements, as well as its political and military impact on the region. It was eventually conquered by the in the 13th century, and its remnants were later absorbed by the Ottoman Empire.

Delhi Sultanate (Former Gupta)

The was a Muslim empire in India that lasted from the 13th to the 16th century. It was founded in 1206 by the Turkic ruler Qutb al-Din Aibak, who established the city of Delhi as his capital. The was known for its cultural and artistic achievements, as well as its military power. It was a period of great political and social change in India, as the Delhi Sultans, who were of Turkic and Afghan origin, introduced many new ideas and practices to the region. The was ruled by a series of powerful dynasties, including the Mamluk dynasty, the Khalji dynasty, the Tughlaq dynasty, and the Sayyid dynasty. It eventually came to an end in 1526, when it was conquered by the Mughal Empire.

Former Empires Were Revived

Song Dynasty (Based on Han Dynasty)

The was a Chinese dynasty that ruled from 960 to 1279. It is also known as the Song Empire, and it is considered one of the most brilliant periods in Chinese history. The was characterized by its economic, cultural, and technological achievements, as well as its political and social reforms. It was a time of great prosperity and progress in China, and many important innovations took place during this period, including the development of printing, the use of gunpowder, and the adoption of a paper currency. The is also known for its artistic and literary achievements, including the famous novel "" and the poetry of . The came to an end in 1279, when it was conquered by the .

Mali Empire (Ghana Kingdom)

The was a West African state that flourished in the 13th and 14th centuries. It was founded by the Malinke people, and its capital was the city of Niani. The was known for its wealth, particularly its gold trade, and it was an important center of Islamic learning. The was ruled by a series of powerful kings, the most famous of whom was , who is known for his extensive hajj (pilgrimage) to Mecca in the 14th century. During his reign, the reached its peak of power and influence, and it extended its control over a large portion of West Africa. The eventually declined in the 15th century and was eventually replaced by the Songhai Empire.

Holy Roman Empire (Based on Kuman Empire)

The was a medieval empire that was centered in Central Europe and existed from the 9th to the 19th century. It was a complex political structure that included numerous territories and jurisdictions, and it was characterized by a large degree of decentralization. The was ruled by an elected emperor, who held the title "Emperor of the Romans," and was considered the successor to the Roman Empire. The was a major power in Europe during the Middle Ages, and it played a significant role in the history of the continent. It came to an end in 1806, when it was dissolved by the last Holy Roman Emperor, , following his defeat in the Napoleonic Wars.

Different Traditions Were Synthesized

Japan (Chinese and Japanese), (Hindu and Islamic),

Expansion in Scope

Aztecs (Mesoamerica)

The Aztecs were a Native American civilization that flourished in Mexico from the 14th to the 16th century. They were not located in Mesopotamia, which is a region in the eastern Mediterranean. The Aztecs built a powerful empire that controlled much of central and southern Mexico, and they are known for their sophisticated culture, advanced system of government, and impressive architectural and artistic achievements. The Aztecs practiced a religion that was based on the worship of a pantheon of gods, and they developed a complex system of writing and record-keeping. The Aztec Empire came to an end in the 16th century, when it was conquered by the Spanish conquistadors.

Incas (South America)

The Incas were a Native American civilization that flourished in South America in the 15th and 16th centuries. They were located in the Andes Mountains of South America and built an extensive empire that stretched along the western coast of the continent. The Incas are known for their advanced system of government, sophisticated architecture, and impressive agricultural and engineering achievements. They developed a complex system of roads and communication, and they built impressive structures such as the citadel of Machu Picchu. The Incas practiced a religion that was based on the worship of a pantheon of gods, and they had a complex system of writing and record-keeping. The Inca Empire came to an end in the 16th century, when it was conquered by the Spanish conquistadors.

City-States (East Africa)

East Africa is a large region that encompasses a diverse range of cultures and societies. During different periods of history, various city-states and empires have emerged in East Africa. Some examples of city-states that have existed in East Africa include the that flourished along the eastern coast of Africa from the 9th to the 16th centuries, and the city-states of the , which flourished in present-day Ethiopia and Eritrea from the 1st to the 8th centuries. In more recent history, several independent city-states have also existed in East Africa, such as Mombasa and Zanzibar. These city-states have played an important role in the history and development of East Africa, and they have contributed to the region's rich cultural heritage.

City-States (Southeast Asia)

Southeast Asia is a region in Asia that has a long history of city-states. Throughout history, various city-states and empires have emerged in Southeast Asia, and these city-states have played an important role in the region's politics, culture, and economy. Some examples of city-states that have existed in Southeast Asia include the city-states of the , which flourished in present-day Cambodia and Vietnam from the 1st to the 6th centuries, and the city-states of the , which flourished in present-day Indonesia and Malaysia from the 7th to the 13th centuries. In more recent history, several independent city-states have also existed in Southeast Asia, such as and . These city-states have contributed to the rich cultural heritage of Southeast Asia and have played a significant role in the region's development.

Important Videos

🎥Watch: WHAP - Comparing Labor Systems in the Middle Ages

🎥Watch: WHAP - Connections and Developments in the Americas

🎥Watch: WHAP - Review of the Post Classical Era using SPICE


-----

Key Terms to Review (45)

Abbasid Caliphate

: The Abbasid Caliphate was an Arab dynasty that ruled over the Islamic world, replacing the Umayyad Caliphate in 750 CE and lasting until 1258. It was known for its advancements in arts, science, and culture.

Aztecs (Mesoamerica)

: The Aztecs were a Mesoamerican culture that flourished in central Mexico in the post-classic period from 1300 to 1521. They are known for their rich mythology, architectural feats, and complex social structure.

Brunei

: Brunei, officially known as the Nation of Brunei, the Abode of Peace, is a country located on the north coast of the island of Borneo in Southeast Asia. It is known for its wealthy economy driven by oil and gas production.

Catholic Church

: The largest Christian church, led by the Pope, based in Vatican City. It has played a powerful role throughout global history, influencing religion, politics, art and culture.

Champa Rice

: Champa rice is a quick-maturing, drought-resistant rice that can allow two harvests, of sixty days each in one growing season.

City-States (East Africa)

: City-states in East Africa were independent cities that functioned as individual political entities, often controlling surrounding territories. These flourished due to trade along the Indian Ocean coast during medieval times.

City-States (Southeast Asia)

: Southeast Asian city-states were independent cities that governed themselves and their surrounding territories. Many grew prosperous through control over strategic trading routes between India and China during medieval times.

Columbus

: Christopher Columbus was an Italian explorer who completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean, opening the way for widespread European exploration and the eventual conquest of the Americas by Europeans. His expeditions, sponsored by the Catholic Monarchs of Spain, were the first European contact with the Caribbean, Central America, and South America.

Delhi Sultanate

: The Delhi Sultanate was an Islamic empire based in Delhi that stretched over large parts of the Indian subcontinent for 320 years (1206–1526). Five dynasties ruled over Delhi Sultanate sequentially, including Qutb al-Din Aibak's Mamluk dynasty.

Delhi Sultanate (Hindu and Islamic)

: The Delhi Sultanate was a Muslim kingdom based in Delhi that stretched over large parts of the Indian subcontinent for 320 years (1206–1526). It witnessed a fusion of Hindu and Islamic cultures.

Direct Comparisons

: In AP World History, direct comparisons refer to the method of analyzing two or more historical events, periods, or societies by identifying similarities and differences.

Feudalism

: Feudalism is a political and economic system used during the Middle Ages where lords granted land to vassals in exchange for military service and loyalty.

Francis II

: Francis II was the last Holy Roman Emperor, ruling from 1792 until 1806 when he dissolved the Holy Roman Empire after his defeat by Napoleon at Austerlitz.

Ghana Kingdom

: The Ghana Kingdom, also known as Wagadou, was a powerful West African state that existed from around 300 to 1200 CE. It was rich in gold and controlled important trade routes across the Sahara Desert.

Han Dynasty

: The Han Dynasty was one of China's longest-lasting dynasties, ruling over China for more than four centuries from 206 BC to 220 AD.

Holy Roman Empire

: A multi-ethnic complex of territories in Western and Central Europe that developed during the Early Middle Ages and continued until its dissolution in 1806 during the Napoleonic Wars.

Incas (South America)

: The Incas were a powerful civilization that existed in South America from the 13th to the 16th century. They developed an advanced society with complex infrastructure, including roads and bridges, and had a centralized government.

Indian Ocean Trade Network

: A sea-based trade route that connected East Africa, Middle East, South Asia, and Southeast Asia. It facilitated the exchange of goods like spices, textiles, and precious stones during ancient times.

Japan (Chinese and Japanese)

: This refers to the historical relationship between China and Japan, two East Asian countries with significant cultural exchange but also periods of conflict.

Kingdom of Aksum

: The Kingdom of Aksum was an ancient African trading empire located in what is now Eritrea and northern Ethiopia, which existed from approximately 100 AD to 940 AD. It was known for its advanced architecture, including obelisks and palaces, as well as its adoption of Christianity.

Kingdom of Funan

: The Kingdom of Funan was an early Southeast Asian state located around the Mekong Delta in what is now southern Vietnam and Cambodia. It existed from 1st to 6th century AD and was a significant center for trade and Indian cultural influence.

Kuman Empire

: The Kuman Empire, also known as the Cuman-Kipchak confederation, was a vast nomadic empire that existed in the 11th-13th centuries. It stretched from Eastern Europe to Central Asia and played a significant role in Eurasian history.

Li Qingzhao

: Li Qingzhao was a Chinese poet from the Song Dynasty. She is considered one of China's greatest female poets known for her ci poetry—a type that expresses personal emotions—and writings on her experiences during war times.

Mali Empire

: The Mali Empire was a West African empire that flourished between the 13th and 16th centuries. It was known for its wealth, size, and significant contributions to culture and education.

Mali Kingdom

: The Mali Kingdom was a powerful West African state that existed from 1235 to 1600 CE. It was known for its wealth, trade routes, and significant cultural contributions.

Mamluk Empire

: The Mamluk Sultanate was a medieval realm spanning Egypt, the Levant, and Hejaz that lasted from 1250 until 1517 CE. It was notable for being ruled by former slaves (Mamluks) who had risen to military prominence.

Mansa Musa

: Mansa Musa was a ruler (mansa) of the Mali Empire in the 14th century who is famous for his immense wealth and extravagant pilgrimage to Mecca.

Mongols

: The Mongols are an ethnic group native to Mongolia, China, and Russia. In the 13th century, they created one of the largest empires in history under the leadership of Genghis Khan.

Neo-Confucianism

: Neo-Confucianism is a moral, ethical, and metaphysical Chinese philosophy influenced by Confucianism that emerged during the Song Dynasty (960-1279).

Ottoman Turks

: The Ottoman Turks were a historical group that founded and controlled the Ottoman Empire from 1299 to 1922. They expanded their empire across three continents, including parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa.

Protestant Movements

: Protestant movements refer to various religious groups that broke away from Roman Catholicism during what is known as Reformation period in 16th century Europe. They protested against certain practices within Catholicism and sought to reform it leading to creation of new Christian denominations.

Renaissance

: The Renaissance was a period of cultural, artistic, political and economic rebirth following the Middle Ages in Europe from the 14th to the 17th century. It started in Italy and spread throughout Europe, marking the transition from medieval times to modernity.

Roman Catholic Church

: The Roman Catholic Church is a Christian church led by the Pope based in Vatican City. It has played an influential role throughout Western history both spiritually and politically.

Seljuk Empire

: The Seljuk Empire was a medieval Turko-Persian Sunni Muslim empire that existed from 1037 to 1194 CE. It played a key role in the revival of Islam and Persian culture during the Middle Ages.

Silk Road

: The Silk Road was a network of trade routes connecting the East and West, extending from the Korean peninsula and Japan to the Mediterranean Sea during various periods of time, primarily the Han dynasty (206 BC – 220 AD) in China.

Singapore

: Singapore is a sovereign city-state and island country in maritime Southeast Asia, known for its highly developed market economy and multicultural population.

Song China

: The Song Dynasty was a ruling dynasty in China from 960 to 1279. It was known for its significant advances in technology, culture, economics, and social life.

Song Dynasty

: The Song Dynasty was an era of Chinese history that began in 960 and continued until 1279. It succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, and was followed by the Yuan Dynasty.

Srivijaya Empire

: The Srivijaya Empire was a dominant thalassocratic Indonesian city-state based on the island of Sumatra, which influenced much of Southeast Asia from the 7th to the 12th century AD.

Swahili City-states

: These were medieval trading cities along the coast of East Africa, from Kenya to Mozambique. They flourished between 800-1500 AD due to their strategic location between interior Africa and Indian Ocean trade routes.

Swahili Coast

: The Swahili Coast refers to a coastal area of East Africa inhabited by the Swahili people; it's known for its distinct culture, trade with other parts of Asia and Africa, and Islamic influence.

The Tale of Genji

: "The Tale of Genji" is a classic work of Japanese literature written in the 11th century by a noblewoman named Murasaki Shikibu. It's considered one of the world's first novels and provides an intricate depiction of Heian period court life.

Three-field Crop Rotation

: This is an agricultural practice where one field is divided into three parts. Each year, two sections are planted with crops while one lies fallow (unused) to regain its fertility.

Trans-Saharan Trade Network

: This was a major trade route across the Sahara desert that connected North Africa with sub-Saharan Africa during ancient times. Goods like gold, salt, slaves were traded along this network.

Vasco da Gama

: Vasco da Gama was a Portuguese explorer and one of the most successful in Europe's Age of Discovery. He was known for his voyage from Europe around Africa to India, establishing a sea route that opened up trade between Europe and Asia.

1.7 Comparisons in the Period from 1200-1450

8 min readapril 7, 2023

W

William Dramby

Riya Patel

Riya Patel

W

William Dramby

Riya Patel

Riya Patel

A direct comparison is a method of comparing two or more things by looking at them side by side and examining their similarities and differences. A direct comparison can be used to compare almost anything, including people, objects, ideas, events, or concepts. When making a direct comparison, it is important to focus on the specific aspects of the things being compared and to consider how they are similar or different. A direct comparison can be useful in understanding the characteristics of something or in making a decision between two or more options.

College Board will challenge students to find comparisons during the same period from dramatically different parts of the world. Here are a few:

Direct Comparisons (Based on the Years)

There were many significant changes and developments that took place in the period from 1200-1450, both within Europe and in other parts of the world. Some of the key comparisons and contrasts from this period include:

  • Europe in the 1200s was marked by , while in the 1400s it was experiencing the early stages of the , a cultural and intellectual movement that marked a shift towards greater individualism and humanism.

  • In the 1200s, the was a powerful force in Europe and exercised significant influence over political and cultural life. In the 1400s, the Church was facing challenges from emerging that rejected many of its teachings and practices.

  • In the 1200s, Europe was facing a number of external threats, including invasions by the and the . In the 1400s, these threats had receded, and Europe began to focus more on exploration and expansion overseas.

  • In the 1200s, Africa and the Middle East were important centers of trade and cultural exchange, and the and the played a key role in the global economy. In the 1400s, Europe began to emerge as a major player in global trade, and the voyages of exploration undertaken by figures such as and had a significant impact on the global economy.

Direct Comparisons (Based on Dynasties)

  • While had a large bureaucracy to rule, Japan was very feudal and regional.

  • While the used religion to help solidify its power, Western European kingdoms were separate from the power of the .

  • While the was very interconnected to trade routes, Western Europe was very slow to develop because it was outside these trade routes.

  • While the connected large empires of and the , Western Europe had no land-based trade routes to help it develop.

  • In Europe, the , and in China promoted larger populations.

  • Both the and the used Islam to unite peoples who were not united before.

  • Both and northern India kingdoms saw an increase in religious diversity causing political and religious conflict.

  • Both Christianity and Buddhism saw various divisions in their faiths causing political and religious conflict.

New States Emerged

Mamluk Empire (Former Abbasid)

The Mamluk Sultanate was a medieval realm in the Middle East that lasted from the 13th to the 15th century. It was centered in Egypt and ruled by a series of slave soldiers, known as Mamluks, who had originally been purchased as children from various parts of the Islamic world. The Mamluks were able to overthrow their masters and establish themselves as the ruling class in Egypt, eventually expanding their territory to include much of the surrounding region. The Mamluk Sultanate is known for its military prowess and its cultural achievements, which included significant advances in science, literature, and the arts. The came to an end in 1517, when it was conquered by the Ottoman Empire.

Selijuk Empire (Former Abbasid)

The was a medieval Turkic empire that existed from the 11th to the 14th centuries. It was founded by the Seljuk Turks, a group of nomadic warriors who had migrated from Central Asia to the Middle East. The was characterized by its expansionist policies, and at its height, it controlled a vast territory that included parts of modern-day Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan. The is known for its significant cultural and artistic achievements, as well as its political and military impact on the region. It was eventually conquered by the in the 13th century, and its remnants were later absorbed by the Ottoman Empire.

Delhi Sultanate (Former Gupta)

The was a Muslim empire in India that lasted from the 13th to the 16th century. It was founded in 1206 by the Turkic ruler Qutb al-Din Aibak, who established the city of Delhi as his capital. The was known for its cultural and artistic achievements, as well as its military power. It was a period of great political and social change in India, as the Delhi Sultans, who were of Turkic and Afghan origin, introduced many new ideas and practices to the region. The was ruled by a series of powerful dynasties, including the Mamluk dynasty, the Khalji dynasty, the Tughlaq dynasty, and the Sayyid dynasty. It eventually came to an end in 1526, when it was conquered by the Mughal Empire.

Former Empires Were Revived

Song Dynasty (Based on Han Dynasty)

The was a Chinese dynasty that ruled from 960 to 1279. It is also known as the Song Empire, and it is considered one of the most brilliant periods in Chinese history. The was characterized by its economic, cultural, and technological achievements, as well as its political and social reforms. It was a time of great prosperity and progress in China, and many important innovations took place during this period, including the development of printing, the use of gunpowder, and the adoption of a paper currency. The is also known for its artistic and literary achievements, including the famous novel "" and the poetry of . The came to an end in 1279, when it was conquered by the .

Mali Empire (Ghana Kingdom)

The was a West African state that flourished in the 13th and 14th centuries. It was founded by the Malinke people, and its capital was the city of Niani. The was known for its wealth, particularly its gold trade, and it was an important center of Islamic learning. The was ruled by a series of powerful kings, the most famous of whom was , who is known for his extensive hajj (pilgrimage) to Mecca in the 14th century. During his reign, the reached its peak of power and influence, and it extended its control over a large portion of West Africa. The eventually declined in the 15th century and was eventually replaced by the Songhai Empire.

Holy Roman Empire (Based on Kuman Empire)

The was a medieval empire that was centered in Central Europe and existed from the 9th to the 19th century. It was a complex political structure that included numerous territories and jurisdictions, and it was characterized by a large degree of decentralization. The was ruled by an elected emperor, who held the title "Emperor of the Romans," and was considered the successor to the Roman Empire. The was a major power in Europe during the Middle Ages, and it played a significant role in the history of the continent. It came to an end in 1806, when it was dissolved by the last Holy Roman Emperor, , following his defeat in the Napoleonic Wars.

Different Traditions Were Synthesized

Japan (Chinese and Japanese), (Hindu and Islamic),

Expansion in Scope

Aztecs (Mesoamerica)

The Aztecs were a Native American civilization that flourished in Mexico from the 14th to the 16th century. They were not located in Mesopotamia, which is a region in the eastern Mediterranean. The Aztecs built a powerful empire that controlled much of central and southern Mexico, and they are known for their sophisticated culture, advanced system of government, and impressive architectural and artistic achievements. The Aztecs practiced a religion that was based on the worship of a pantheon of gods, and they developed a complex system of writing and record-keeping. The Aztec Empire came to an end in the 16th century, when it was conquered by the Spanish conquistadors.

Incas (South America)

The Incas were a Native American civilization that flourished in South America in the 15th and 16th centuries. They were located in the Andes Mountains of South America and built an extensive empire that stretched along the western coast of the continent. The Incas are known for their advanced system of government, sophisticated architecture, and impressive agricultural and engineering achievements. They developed a complex system of roads and communication, and they built impressive structures such as the citadel of Machu Picchu. The Incas practiced a religion that was based on the worship of a pantheon of gods, and they had a complex system of writing and record-keeping. The Inca Empire came to an end in the 16th century, when it was conquered by the Spanish conquistadors.

City-States (East Africa)

East Africa is a large region that encompasses a diverse range of cultures and societies. During different periods of history, various city-states and empires have emerged in East Africa. Some examples of city-states that have existed in East Africa include the that flourished along the eastern coast of Africa from the 9th to the 16th centuries, and the city-states of the , which flourished in present-day Ethiopia and Eritrea from the 1st to the 8th centuries. In more recent history, several independent city-states have also existed in East Africa, such as Mombasa and Zanzibar. These city-states have played an important role in the history and development of East Africa, and they have contributed to the region's rich cultural heritage.

City-States (Southeast Asia)

Southeast Asia is a region in Asia that has a long history of city-states. Throughout history, various city-states and empires have emerged in Southeast Asia, and these city-states have played an important role in the region's politics, culture, and economy. Some examples of city-states that have existed in Southeast Asia include the city-states of the , which flourished in present-day Cambodia and Vietnam from the 1st to the 6th centuries, and the city-states of the , which flourished in present-day Indonesia and Malaysia from the 7th to the 13th centuries. In more recent history, several independent city-states have also existed in Southeast Asia, such as and . These city-states have contributed to the rich cultural heritage of Southeast Asia and have played a significant role in the region's development.

Important Videos

🎥Watch: WHAP - Comparing Labor Systems in the Middle Ages

🎥Watch: WHAP - Connections and Developments in the Americas

🎥Watch: WHAP - Review of the Post Classical Era using SPICE


-----

Key Terms to Review (45)

Abbasid Caliphate

: The Abbasid Caliphate was an Arab dynasty that ruled over the Islamic world, replacing the Umayyad Caliphate in 750 CE and lasting until 1258. It was known for its advancements in arts, science, and culture.

Aztecs (Mesoamerica)

: The Aztecs were a Mesoamerican culture that flourished in central Mexico in the post-classic period from 1300 to 1521. They are known for their rich mythology, architectural feats, and complex social structure.

Brunei

: Brunei, officially known as the Nation of Brunei, the Abode of Peace, is a country located on the north coast of the island of Borneo in Southeast Asia. It is known for its wealthy economy driven by oil and gas production.

Catholic Church

: The largest Christian church, led by the Pope, based in Vatican City. It has played a powerful role throughout global history, influencing religion, politics, art and culture.

Champa Rice

: Champa rice is a quick-maturing, drought-resistant rice that can allow two harvests, of sixty days each in one growing season.

City-States (East Africa)

: City-states in East Africa were independent cities that functioned as individual political entities, often controlling surrounding territories. These flourished due to trade along the Indian Ocean coast during medieval times.

City-States (Southeast Asia)

: Southeast Asian city-states were independent cities that governed themselves and their surrounding territories. Many grew prosperous through control over strategic trading routes between India and China during medieval times.

Columbus

: Christopher Columbus was an Italian explorer who completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean, opening the way for widespread European exploration and the eventual conquest of the Americas by Europeans. His expeditions, sponsored by the Catholic Monarchs of Spain, were the first European contact with the Caribbean, Central America, and South America.

Delhi Sultanate

: The Delhi Sultanate was an Islamic empire based in Delhi that stretched over large parts of the Indian subcontinent for 320 years (1206–1526). Five dynasties ruled over Delhi Sultanate sequentially, including Qutb al-Din Aibak's Mamluk dynasty.

Delhi Sultanate (Hindu and Islamic)

: The Delhi Sultanate was a Muslim kingdom based in Delhi that stretched over large parts of the Indian subcontinent for 320 years (1206–1526). It witnessed a fusion of Hindu and Islamic cultures.

Direct Comparisons

: In AP World History, direct comparisons refer to the method of analyzing two or more historical events, periods, or societies by identifying similarities and differences.

Feudalism

: Feudalism is a political and economic system used during the Middle Ages where lords granted land to vassals in exchange for military service and loyalty.

Francis II

: Francis II was the last Holy Roman Emperor, ruling from 1792 until 1806 when he dissolved the Holy Roman Empire after his defeat by Napoleon at Austerlitz.

Ghana Kingdom

: The Ghana Kingdom, also known as Wagadou, was a powerful West African state that existed from around 300 to 1200 CE. It was rich in gold and controlled important trade routes across the Sahara Desert.

Han Dynasty

: The Han Dynasty was one of China's longest-lasting dynasties, ruling over China for more than four centuries from 206 BC to 220 AD.

Holy Roman Empire

: A multi-ethnic complex of territories in Western and Central Europe that developed during the Early Middle Ages and continued until its dissolution in 1806 during the Napoleonic Wars.

Incas (South America)

: The Incas were a powerful civilization that existed in South America from the 13th to the 16th century. They developed an advanced society with complex infrastructure, including roads and bridges, and had a centralized government.

Indian Ocean Trade Network

: A sea-based trade route that connected East Africa, Middle East, South Asia, and Southeast Asia. It facilitated the exchange of goods like spices, textiles, and precious stones during ancient times.

Japan (Chinese and Japanese)

: This refers to the historical relationship between China and Japan, two East Asian countries with significant cultural exchange but also periods of conflict.

Kingdom of Aksum

: The Kingdom of Aksum was an ancient African trading empire located in what is now Eritrea and northern Ethiopia, which existed from approximately 100 AD to 940 AD. It was known for its advanced architecture, including obelisks and palaces, as well as its adoption of Christianity.

Kingdom of Funan

: The Kingdom of Funan was an early Southeast Asian state located around the Mekong Delta in what is now southern Vietnam and Cambodia. It existed from 1st to 6th century AD and was a significant center for trade and Indian cultural influence.

Kuman Empire

: The Kuman Empire, also known as the Cuman-Kipchak confederation, was a vast nomadic empire that existed in the 11th-13th centuries. It stretched from Eastern Europe to Central Asia and played a significant role in Eurasian history.

Li Qingzhao

: Li Qingzhao was a Chinese poet from the Song Dynasty. She is considered one of China's greatest female poets known for her ci poetry—a type that expresses personal emotions—and writings on her experiences during war times.

Mali Empire

: The Mali Empire was a West African empire that flourished between the 13th and 16th centuries. It was known for its wealth, size, and significant contributions to culture and education.

Mali Kingdom

: The Mali Kingdom was a powerful West African state that existed from 1235 to 1600 CE. It was known for its wealth, trade routes, and significant cultural contributions.

Mamluk Empire

: The Mamluk Sultanate was a medieval realm spanning Egypt, the Levant, and Hejaz that lasted from 1250 until 1517 CE. It was notable for being ruled by former slaves (Mamluks) who had risen to military prominence.

Mansa Musa

: Mansa Musa was a ruler (mansa) of the Mali Empire in the 14th century who is famous for his immense wealth and extravagant pilgrimage to Mecca.

Mongols

: The Mongols are an ethnic group native to Mongolia, China, and Russia. In the 13th century, they created one of the largest empires in history under the leadership of Genghis Khan.

Neo-Confucianism

: Neo-Confucianism is a moral, ethical, and metaphysical Chinese philosophy influenced by Confucianism that emerged during the Song Dynasty (960-1279).

Ottoman Turks

: The Ottoman Turks were a historical group that founded and controlled the Ottoman Empire from 1299 to 1922. They expanded their empire across three continents, including parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa.

Protestant Movements

: Protestant movements refer to various religious groups that broke away from Roman Catholicism during what is known as Reformation period in 16th century Europe. They protested against certain practices within Catholicism and sought to reform it leading to creation of new Christian denominations.

Renaissance

: The Renaissance was a period of cultural, artistic, political and economic rebirth following the Middle Ages in Europe from the 14th to the 17th century. It started in Italy and spread throughout Europe, marking the transition from medieval times to modernity.

Roman Catholic Church

: The Roman Catholic Church is a Christian church led by the Pope based in Vatican City. It has played an influential role throughout Western history both spiritually and politically.

Seljuk Empire

: The Seljuk Empire was a medieval Turko-Persian Sunni Muslim empire that existed from 1037 to 1194 CE. It played a key role in the revival of Islam and Persian culture during the Middle Ages.

Silk Road

: The Silk Road was a network of trade routes connecting the East and West, extending from the Korean peninsula and Japan to the Mediterranean Sea during various periods of time, primarily the Han dynasty (206 BC – 220 AD) in China.

Singapore

: Singapore is a sovereign city-state and island country in maritime Southeast Asia, known for its highly developed market economy and multicultural population.

Song China

: The Song Dynasty was a ruling dynasty in China from 960 to 1279. It was known for its significant advances in technology, culture, economics, and social life.

Song Dynasty

: The Song Dynasty was an era of Chinese history that began in 960 and continued until 1279. It succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, and was followed by the Yuan Dynasty.

Srivijaya Empire

: The Srivijaya Empire was a dominant thalassocratic Indonesian city-state based on the island of Sumatra, which influenced much of Southeast Asia from the 7th to the 12th century AD.

Swahili City-states

: These were medieval trading cities along the coast of East Africa, from Kenya to Mozambique. They flourished between 800-1500 AD due to their strategic location between interior Africa and Indian Ocean trade routes.

Swahili Coast

: The Swahili Coast refers to a coastal area of East Africa inhabited by the Swahili people; it's known for its distinct culture, trade with other parts of Asia and Africa, and Islamic influence.

The Tale of Genji

: "The Tale of Genji" is a classic work of Japanese literature written in the 11th century by a noblewoman named Murasaki Shikibu. It's considered one of the world's first novels and provides an intricate depiction of Heian period court life.

Three-field Crop Rotation

: This is an agricultural practice where one field is divided into three parts. Each year, two sections are planted with crops while one lies fallow (unused) to regain its fertility.

Trans-Saharan Trade Network

: This was a major trade route across the Sahara desert that connected North Africa with sub-Saharan Africa during ancient times. Goods like gold, salt, slaves were traded along this network.

Vasco da Gama

: Vasco da Gama was a Portuguese explorer and one of the most successful in Europe's Age of Discovery. He was known for his voyage from Europe around Africa to India, establishing a sea route that opened up trade between Europe and Asia.


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AP® and SAT® are trademarks registered by the College Board, which is not affiliated with, and does not endorse this website.