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6.6 Causes of Migration from 1750 to 1900

7 min readjanuary 14, 2023

Eric Beckman

Eric Beckman

Riya Patel

Riya Patel

Eric Beckman

Eric Beckman

Riya Patel

Riya Patel

Overview

There were many factors that contributed to migration from 1750 to 1900. Some of the main causes of migration during this period include:

  • : Many people migrated in search of better , such as higher wages or access to land. For example, many people migrated to the United States during this period in search of work or the opportunity to start their own farms.
  • : or persecution in one's home country could also drive people to migrate. For example, during this period, many European Jews migrated to the United States to escape persecution in Eastern Europe.
  • : , such as droughts, famines, and earthquakes, could also lead to migration.
  • : could also displace people and lead them to migrate. For example, during this period, many people in Europe and Asia migrated to the United States to escape the violence and turmoil of World War I and World War II.
  • : Some people migrated to be reunited with family members who had already migrated to another country.

These are just a few examples of the factors that contributed to migration during this period. Migration has always been a complex and multifaceted process, and the reasons for migrating can vary widely from person to person.

Long-distance migration expanded greatly during this time period. The reasons in some ways were simple: the world population grew and methods advanced. More people, bigger 🛳 = more migration. Most migrants were moving within or from Europe and Asia and many were laborers.

🎥Watch: WHAP - Causes and Effects of Migration in the 19th Century

Transportation

refers to the movement of people, goods, or information from one place to another. plays a vital role in the functioning of societies and economies, as it allows for the exchange of goods and ideas, the movement of people for work, leisure, and other purposes, and the creation of links between different parts of the world.

There are many different modes of , including:

  • Road: includes cars, trucks, buses, and other vehicles that travel on land.
  • Rail: includes trains that travel on tracks.
  • Water: includes ships, boats, and other vessels that travel on oceans, rivers, and other bodies of water.
  • Air: includes planes, helicopters, and other aircraft that travel through the air.
  • Pipeline: refers to the movement of liquids or gases through pipelines.

Each mode of has its own advantages and disadvantages, and the choice of method depends on various factors such as cost, speed, reliability, and the type of goods being transported.

--steam!--made longer distance travel more affordable via ships and railroads. Some Italian migrants crossed the Atlantic twice a year from southern Europe to Argentina and back, working harvests in the northern and southern hemispheres. Laborers from Japan crossed the Pacific and worked in sugarcane fields in Hawai’i. Merchants moved, too, such as Lebanese business owners in the Americas.

was a significant factor in the movement of people during the period of 1750-1900. Millions of people, especially from rural areas, moved to cities in search of employment and better .

In Ireland, for example, many rural migrants moved to cities in the United Kingdom, such as London and Manchester, in search of work in the industrial economy. This movement was driven by a number of factors, including population growth, economic changes, and the displacement of people from their land due to the enclosure of common lands and the expansion of commercial agriculture.

Similarly, many people also migrated across the Atlantic to cities like Boston, Buenos Aires and New York in search of better . This migration was driven by a number of factors such as poverty, unemployment, and political unrest in their home countries. These immigrants were often seeking work in the growing industrial economies of their new countries.

It's worth mentioning that these migrations were not always voluntary, many people were forced to migrate due to war, persecution, and famine. The migration process was often challenging and risky, and many immigrants faced discrimination, poverty, and other forms of hardship upon arrival.

🎥Watch: WHAP - Global Migrations

https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/fiveable-92889.appspot.com/o/images%2Fgood%20boat.PNG?alt=media&token=0bf85a37-2180-488a-8cbc-bf7a2c386b55

Image Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons

Labor

Labor refers to the work that people do to produce goods and services. Labor can be physical, such as manual labor, or mental, such as professional work. Labor is an important economic resource and a key factor in the production of goods and services.

Labor is often divided into two categories: skilled labor and unskilled labor. Skilled labor refers to work that requires specialized training or education, while unskilled labor refers to work that does not require specialized skills or training.

Examples of labor during the period of 1750-1900 include:

  • , such as farming and ranching
  • , including factory work in industries such as textiles, steel, and coal mining
  • , such as housekeeping and childcare
  • , including building and infrastructure development
  • , including work on ships, railroads, and roads
  • for resources such as coal, gold,silver and other minerals
  • Labor in the service industry such as retail, restaurants, and hotels.
  • Labor for trade such as blacksmiths, carpenters, and other skilled trades.

It should be noted that the nature of labor during this period varied greatly by region and by social class. Additionally, this period saw the rise of the Industrial Revolution, which brought significant changes to the nature of labor in many parts of the world.

continued during this period. refers to labor that is obtained through force, threat, or deception. This can include forms of forced labor, human trafficking, and modern slavery.

The late 1700s were the peak decades for the . Even after the British and the US banned the slave trade in 1807, other nations continued through the 1800s.

The transatlantic slave trade did decline in the 1800s, but did not. The use of , particularly of migrants from India and China, was a significant form of during this period. These migrants were often brought to work on plantations in the Caribbean and the Indian Ocean, as well as in other forms of labor such as mining and construction. The conditions of their labor were often harsh, and they had limited rights and protections.

In addition, convicts were also used as a source of labor by the British in their colonies in the Indian Ocean and Australia. This system, known as , was used to punish criminals and also provide a source of labor for the colonies. The United States also used a form of known as "", in which convicts, mainly African American, were leased out to private companies to work on plantations and in other forms of labor.

It's important to note that these forms of were often intertwined with systems of racial and social oppression, and the people who were forced into these forms of labor were often from marginalized communities.

Imperialism

refers to the policy of a country or group of countries extending its power and influence over other territories, often by establishing colonies or maintaining a system of economic and political control. has played a significant role in shaping world history, with many countries, particularly European powers, establishing empires in various parts of the world during the 19th and early 20th centuries.

can take many forms, including military conquest, the establishment of colonies, the exploitation of resources and labor, and the imposition of cultural, economic, and political systems on other societies. has often been driven by a variety of factors, including economic interests, the pursuit of power and influence, and ideological beliefs.

There are both supporters and critics of , with different perspectives on the benefits and drawbacks of this policy. Some people argue that has brought benefits such as economic development and cultural exchange, while others argue that it has led to exploitation, oppression, and cultural . The legacy of continues to shape global politics and economics today.

Here are a few examples of in history:

  • The , which at its height controlled a vast network of territories around the world, including India, Australia, and parts of Africa
  • The , which controlled large parts of the Americas, as well as the Philippines and other territories in Asia and the Pacific
  • The , which controlled parts of Africa, Asia, and the Caribbean, as well as territories in the Americas
  • The , which controlled a vast territory that stretched from Europe to Asia, including parts of Eastern Europe, Central Asia, and the Caucasus
  • The , which controlled parts of China, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific Islands
  • The United States, which expanded its territory through and colonization, including the colonization of Native American lands and the acquisition of territories such as Puerto Rico and Hawaii
  • The , which controlled a vast territory that included parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa
  • The , which controlled territories in South America, Africa, and Asia, including Brazil and parts of India and China

🎥Watch: WHAP - Causation in an Age of Imperialism and Global Migration


Key Terms to Review (35)

Agricultural Labor

: Agricultural labor involves work related to farming and cultivation, including planting, harvesting, and livestock care.

Air Transportation

: Air transportation refers to the conveyance of people, goods, or mail by aircraft such as airplanes and helicopters.

British Empire

: The British Empire was a global empire, composed of colonies, protectorates, mandates, and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom from the late 16th to early 20th centuries. It was the largest empire in history and is known for spreading English language, legal systems and culture around the world.

Coerced Labor

: Coerced labor refers to a system where workers are forced to work under threat of violence or other forms of punishment. This includes slavery, indentured servitude, and serfdom.

Construction Labor

: Construction labor involves physical work carried out in the construction industry including building houses, offices, roads etc., using various tools and machinery.

Convict leasing

: Convict leasing is a system where private businesses would lease prisoners from the state for labor. This was prevalent in the Southern United States during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Domestic Labor

: Domestic labor refers to work done within the home, such as cooking, cleaning, child care, and maintenance. It is often unpaid and performed by family members.

Economic Opportunities

: Economic opportunities refer to the chances that individuals or businesses have to improve their standard of living through employment, wage increases, and the development of new ventures.

Family Reunification

: Family reunification is a recognized reason for immigration in many countries because of the presence of one or more family members in a certain country, therefore, enables the rest of the divided family or only specific members of the family to immigrate to that country as well.

French Empire

: The French Empire refers to the various territories under French rule from the 17th century until the late 20th century. It includes colonies, protectorates, mandates and other territories ruled or administered by France.

Global Urbanization

: Global urbanization refers to the shift of population from rural areas to cities and towns worldwide, often due to industrialization and economic opportunities.

Imperialism

: Imperialism is a policy or ideology by which a nation extends its power by acquiring territories or establishing economic and political dominance over other nations.

Indentured Labor

: Indentured labor refers to a system where individuals agree to work for a certain period of time in exchange for something, usually passage to a new country.

Industrial Labor

: Industrial labor refers to work done in industries such as manufacturing or processing plants where goods are produced on a large scale.

Industrial Transportation

: Industrial transportation refers to the movement of raw materials, parts, and finished goods from producer to consumer within industrial supply chains.

Japanese Empire

: The Japanese Empire refers to Japan's imperial expansion between 1868-1945. During this time, Japan transformed from an isolated feudal society into a global power following victories in several wars against China and Russia.

Mining Labor

: Mining labor refers to the work done by individuals in extracting valuable minerals or other geological materials from the earth. This can include everything from digging for coal to drilling for oil.

Natural Disasters

: Natural disasters are extreme, sudden events caused by environmental factors that injure people and damage property. Examples include earthquakes, floods, hurricanes etc.

Ottoman Empire

: The Ottoman Empire was a state that controlled much of Southeastern Europe, Western Asia, and Northern Africa between the 14th and early 20th centuries. It was founded at the end of the 13th century in northwestern Anatolia by Osman I.

Penal transportation

: Penal transportation refers to the practice of relocating convicts from their home country to a penal colony as punishment. This was commonly practiced by Britain during the 18th and 19th centuries.

Pipeline Transportation

: Pipeline transportation involves moving goods such as oil, natural gas, or water through long pipes across significant distances.

Political Instability

: Political instability refers to the propensity for regime or government change, political upheaval, or violence in society. It's often caused by conflict between rival parties, corruption, weak institutions, or economic instability.

Portuguese Empire

: The Portuguese Empire, also known as the Portuguese Overseas, was one of the longest-lived empires in world history (15th-20th century). It started with seafaring explorations and ended up controlling territories across Africa, Asia, and South America.

Rail Transportation

: Rail transportation involves moving passengers and cargo via wheeled vehicles running on rail tracks. It's known for its capacity to handle large volumes over long distances efficiently.

Road Transportation

: Road transportation refers to the movement of people, animals, and goods from one location to another on roadways using various types of vehicles.

Russian Empire

: The Russian Empire was a state that existed from 1721 until the Russian Revolution in 1917. It was one of the largest empires in world history, stretching across Eastern Europe, Asia, and North America.

Service Industry Labor

: Service industry labor refers to work performed in industries that provide services rather than tangible goods. Examples include hospitality, healthcare, education, and financial services.

Spanish Empire

: The Spanish Empire was one of the largest empires in history that existed from late 15th century until early 19th century. It included territories in Europe, Americas (North & South), Africa & Asia.

Trade Labor

: Trade labor refers to work involving manual skills in fields such as construction, manufacturing or mechanical repairs. These jobs often require specific training or apprenticeships but not necessarily formal education degrees.

Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

: The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade was the trading system where Africans were captured, transported across the Atlantic Ocean, and sold as slaves in the Americas from the 16th to 19th centuries.

Transportation

: Transportation refers to the movement of people, animals, and goods from one location to another. In history, it includes various modes such as by foot, road vehicles, trains, ships, aircrafts and more.

Transportation Labor

: Transportation labor refers to work involved in moving people or goods from one place to another via different modes such as cars, trucks trains, ships, airplanes etc.

United States Colonization

: This refers to the period from the late 15th century when Europeans arrived in the Americas and established colonies, through to the early 20th century when these colonies gained independence.

War and Conflict

: War and conflict refer to a state of organized, armed, and often prolonged hostility carried on between states, nations, or other parties typified by extreme aggression, social disruption, and usually high mortality.

Water Transportation

: Water transportation is the intentional movement of waterborne vessels (like ships or boats) over bodies of water (like seas, oceans, rivers) primarily used for commerce or travel purposes.

6.6 Causes of Migration from 1750 to 1900

7 min readjanuary 14, 2023

Eric Beckman

Eric Beckman

Riya Patel

Riya Patel

Eric Beckman

Eric Beckman

Riya Patel

Riya Patel

Overview

There were many factors that contributed to migration from 1750 to 1900. Some of the main causes of migration during this period include:

  • : Many people migrated in search of better , such as higher wages or access to land. For example, many people migrated to the United States during this period in search of work or the opportunity to start their own farms.
  • : or persecution in one's home country could also drive people to migrate. For example, during this period, many European Jews migrated to the United States to escape persecution in Eastern Europe.
  • : , such as droughts, famines, and earthquakes, could also lead to migration.
  • : could also displace people and lead them to migrate. For example, during this period, many people in Europe and Asia migrated to the United States to escape the violence and turmoil of World War I and World War II.
  • : Some people migrated to be reunited with family members who had already migrated to another country.

These are just a few examples of the factors that contributed to migration during this period. Migration has always been a complex and multifaceted process, and the reasons for migrating can vary widely from person to person.

Long-distance migration expanded greatly during this time period. The reasons in some ways were simple: the world population grew and methods advanced. More people, bigger 🛳 = more migration. Most migrants were moving within or from Europe and Asia and many were laborers.

🎥Watch: WHAP - Causes and Effects of Migration in the 19th Century

Transportation

refers to the movement of people, goods, or information from one place to another. plays a vital role in the functioning of societies and economies, as it allows for the exchange of goods and ideas, the movement of people for work, leisure, and other purposes, and the creation of links between different parts of the world.

There are many different modes of , including:

  • Road: includes cars, trucks, buses, and other vehicles that travel on land.
  • Rail: includes trains that travel on tracks.
  • Water: includes ships, boats, and other vessels that travel on oceans, rivers, and other bodies of water.
  • Air: includes planes, helicopters, and other aircraft that travel through the air.
  • Pipeline: refers to the movement of liquids or gases through pipelines.

Each mode of has its own advantages and disadvantages, and the choice of method depends on various factors such as cost, speed, reliability, and the type of goods being transported.

--steam!--made longer distance travel more affordable via ships and railroads. Some Italian migrants crossed the Atlantic twice a year from southern Europe to Argentina and back, working harvests in the northern and southern hemispheres. Laborers from Japan crossed the Pacific and worked in sugarcane fields in Hawai’i. Merchants moved, too, such as Lebanese business owners in the Americas.

was a significant factor in the movement of people during the period of 1750-1900. Millions of people, especially from rural areas, moved to cities in search of employment and better .

In Ireland, for example, many rural migrants moved to cities in the United Kingdom, such as London and Manchester, in search of work in the industrial economy. This movement was driven by a number of factors, including population growth, economic changes, and the displacement of people from their land due to the enclosure of common lands and the expansion of commercial agriculture.

Similarly, many people also migrated across the Atlantic to cities like Boston, Buenos Aires and New York in search of better . This migration was driven by a number of factors such as poverty, unemployment, and political unrest in their home countries. These immigrants were often seeking work in the growing industrial economies of their new countries.

It's worth mentioning that these migrations were not always voluntary, many people were forced to migrate due to war, persecution, and famine. The migration process was often challenging and risky, and many immigrants faced discrimination, poverty, and other forms of hardship upon arrival.

🎥Watch: WHAP - Global Migrations

https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/fiveable-92889.appspot.com/o/images%2Fgood%20boat.PNG?alt=media&token=0bf85a37-2180-488a-8cbc-bf7a2c386b55

Image Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons

Labor

Labor refers to the work that people do to produce goods and services. Labor can be physical, such as manual labor, or mental, such as professional work. Labor is an important economic resource and a key factor in the production of goods and services.

Labor is often divided into two categories: skilled labor and unskilled labor. Skilled labor refers to work that requires specialized training or education, while unskilled labor refers to work that does not require specialized skills or training.

Examples of labor during the period of 1750-1900 include:

  • , such as farming and ranching
  • , including factory work in industries such as textiles, steel, and coal mining
  • , such as housekeeping and childcare
  • , including building and infrastructure development
  • , including work on ships, railroads, and roads
  • for resources such as coal, gold,silver and other minerals
  • Labor in the service industry such as retail, restaurants, and hotels.
  • Labor for trade such as blacksmiths, carpenters, and other skilled trades.

It should be noted that the nature of labor during this period varied greatly by region and by social class. Additionally, this period saw the rise of the Industrial Revolution, which brought significant changes to the nature of labor in many parts of the world.

continued during this period. refers to labor that is obtained through force, threat, or deception. This can include forms of forced labor, human trafficking, and modern slavery.

The late 1700s were the peak decades for the . Even after the British and the US banned the slave trade in 1807, other nations continued through the 1800s.

The transatlantic slave trade did decline in the 1800s, but did not. The use of , particularly of migrants from India and China, was a significant form of during this period. These migrants were often brought to work on plantations in the Caribbean and the Indian Ocean, as well as in other forms of labor such as mining and construction. The conditions of their labor were often harsh, and they had limited rights and protections.

In addition, convicts were also used as a source of labor by the British in their colonies in the Indian Ocean and Australia. This system, known as , was used to punish criminals and also provide a source of labor for the colonies. The United States also used a form of known as "", in which convicts, mainly African American, were leased out to private companies to work on plantations and in other forms of labor.

It's important to note that these forms of were often intertwined with systems of racial and social oppression, and the people who were forced into these forms of labor were often from marginalized communities.

Imperialism

refers to the policy of a country or group of countries extending its power and influence over other territories, often by establishing colonies or maintaining a system of economic and political control. has played a significant role in shaping world history, with many countries, particularly European powers, establishing empires in various parts of the world during the 19th and early 20th centuries.

can take many forms, including military conquest, the establishment of colonies, the exploitation of resources and labor, and the imposition of cultural, economic, and political systems on other societies. has often been driven by a variety of factors, including economic interests, the pursuit of power and influence, and ideological beliefs.

There are both supporters and critics of , with different perspectives on the benefits and drawbacks of this policy. Some people argue that has brought benefits such as economic development and cultural exchange, while others argue that it has led to exploitation, oppression, and cultural . The legacy of continues to shape global politics and economics today.

Here are a few examples of in history:

  • The , which at its height controlled a vast network of territories around the world, including India, Australia, and parts of Africa
  • The , which controlled large parts of the Americas, as well as the Philippines and other territories in Asia and the Pacific
  • The , which controlled parts of Africa, Asia, and the Caribbean, as well as territories in the Americas
  • The , which controlled a vast territory that stretched from Europe to Asia, including parts of Eastern Europe, Central Asia, and the Caucasus
  • The , which controlled parts of China, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific Islands
  • The United States, which expanded its territory through and colonization, including the colonization of Native American lands and the acquisition of territories such as Puerto Rico and Hawaii
  • The , which controlled a vast territory that included parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa
  • The , which controlled territories in South America, Africa, and Asia, including Brazil and parts of India and China

🎥Watch: WHAP - Causation in an Age of Imperialism and Global Migration


Key Terms to Review (35)

Agricultural Labor

: Agricultural labor involves work related to farming and cultivation, including planting, harvesting, and livestock care.

Air Transportation

: Air transportation refers to the conveyance of people, goods, or mail by aircraft such as airplanes and helicopters.

British Empire

: The British Empire was a global empire, composed of colonies, protectorates, mandates, and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom from the late 16th to early 20th centuries. It was the largest empire in history and is known for spreading English language, legal systems and culture around the world.

Coerced Labor

: Coerced labor refers to a system where workers are forced to work under threat of violence or other forms of punishment. This includes slavery, indentured servitude, and serfdom.

Construction Labor

: Construction labor involves physical work carried out in the construction industry including building houses, offices, roads etc., using various tools and machinery.

Convict leasing

: Convict leasing is a system where private businesses would lease prisoners from the state for labor. This was prevalent in the Southern United States during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Domestic Labor

: Domestic labor refers to work done within the home, such as cooking, cleaning, child care, and maintenance. It is often unpaid and performed by family members.

Economic Opportunities

: Economic opportunities refer to the chances that individuals or businesses have to improve their standard of living through employment, wage increases, and the development of new ventures.

Family Reunification

: Family reunification is a recognized reason for immigration in many countries because of the presence of one or more family members in a certain country, therefore, enables the rest of the divided family or only specific members of the family to immigrate to that country as well.

French Empire

: The French Empire refers to the various territories under French rule from the 17th century until the late 20th century. It includes colonies, protectorates, mandates and other territories ruled or administered by France.

Global Urbanization

: Global urbanization refers to the shift of population from rural areas to cities and towns worldwide, often due to industrialization and economic opportunities.

Imperialism

: Imperialism is a policy or ideology by which a nation extends its power by acquiring territories or establishing economic and political dominance over other nations.

Indentured Labor

: Indentured labor refers to a system where individuals agree to work for a certain period of time in exchange for something, usually passage to a new country.

Industrial Labor

: Industrial labor refers to work done in industries such as manufacturing or processing plants where goods are produced on a large scale.

Industrial Transportation

: Industrial transportation refers to the movement of raw materials, parts, and finished goods from producer to consumer within industrial supply chains.

Japanese Empire

: The Japanese Empire refers to Japan's imperial expansion between 1868-1945. During this time, Japan transformed from an isolated feudal society into a global power following victories in several wars against China and Russia.

Mining Labor

: Mining labor refers to the work done by individuals in extracting valuable minerals or other geological materials from the earth. This can include everything from digging for coal to drilling for oil.

Natural Disasters

: Natural disasters are extreme, sudden events caused by environmental factors that injure people and damage property. Examples include earthquakes, floods, hurricanes etc.

Ottoman Empire

: The Ottoman Empire was a state that controlled much of Southeastern Europe, Western Asia, and Northern Africa between the 14th and early 20th centuries. It was founded at the end of the 13th century in northwestern Anatolia by Osman I.

Penal transportation

: Penal transportation refers to the practice of relocating convicts from their home country to a penal colony as punishment. This was commonly practiced by Britain during the 18th and 19th centuries.

Pipeline Transportation

: Pipeline transportation involves moving goods such as oil, natural gas, or water through long pipes across significant distances.

Political Instability

: Political instability refers to the propensity for regime or government change, political upheaval, or violence in society. It's often caused by conflict between rival parties, corruption, weak institutions, or economic instability.

Portuguese Empire

: The Portuguese Empire, also known as the Portuguese Overseas, was one of the longest-lived empires in world history (15th-20th century). It started with seafaring explorations and ended up controlling territories across Africa, Asia, and South America.

Rail Transportation

: Rail transportation involves moving passengers and cargo via wheeled vehicles running on rail tracks. It's known for its capacity to handle large volumes over long distances efficiently.

Road Transportation

: Road transportation refers to the movement of people, animals, and goods from one location to another on roadways using various types of vehicles.

Russian Empire

: The Russian Empire was a state that existed from 1721 until the Russian Revolution in 1917. It was one of the largest empires in world history, stretching across Eastern Europe, Asia, and North America.

Service Industry Labor

: Service industry labor refers to work performed in industries that provide services rather than tangible goods. Examples include hospitality, healthcare, education, and financial services.

Spanish Empire

: The Spanish Empire was one of the largest empires in history that existed from late 15th century until early 19th century. It included territories in Europe, Americas (North & South), Africa & Asia.

Trade Labor

: Trade labor refers to work involving manual skills in fields such as construction, manufacturing or mechanical repairs. These jobs often require specific training or apprenticeships but not necessarily formal education degrees.

Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

: The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade was the trading system where Africans were captured, transported across the Atlantic Ocean, and sold as slaves in the Americas from the 16th to 19th centuries.

Transportation

: Transportation refers to the movement of people, animals, and goods from one location to another. In history, it includes various modes such as by foot, road vehicles, trains, ships, aircrafts and more.

Transportation Labor

: Transportation labor refers to work involved in moving people or goods from one place to another via different modes such as cars, trucks trains, ships, airplanes etc.

United States Colonization

: This refers to the period from the late 15th century when Europeans arrived in the Americas and established colonies, through to the early 20th century when these colonies gained independence.

War and Conflict

: War and conflict refer to a state of organized, armed, and often prolonged hostility carried on between states, nations, or other parties typified by extreme aggression, social disruption, and usually high mortality.

Water Transportation

: Water transportation is the intentional movement of waterborne vessels (like ships or boats) over bodies of water (like seas, oceans, rivers) primarily used for commerce or travel purposes.


© 2024 Fiveable Inc. All rights reserved.

AP® and SAT® are trademarks registered by the College Board, which is not affiliated with, and does not endorse this website.


© 2024 Fiveable Inc. All rights reserved.

AP® and SAT® are trademarks registered by the College Board, which is not affiliated with, and does not endorse this website.