View student writing samples for the practice AP United States Government FRQ and corresponding feedback provided by Fiveable teacher Nicole Johnston. It is important to practice with prompts like these and learn how other students respond to them to improve one's own FRQ writing.

In your first response, make sure to include the key concepts of the necessary and proper clause as well as the supremacy clause. Try not to answer with questions. For your second answer, go beyond just giving the rulings of the cases. Explain why a different ruling was issued. How were they different and how were they the same?

AP Gov Federalism Practice Prompt Answers & Feedback

SAQ practice is one of the best ways to prepare for the AP exam! Review student writing practice samples and corresponding feedback from Nicole Johnston. 

In 1996, California legalized medical marijuana. However, that state law conflicted with the federal Controlled Substances Act, which made the possession of marijuana illegal. When federal agents from the Drug Enforcement Agency confiscated the drug from a medical marijuana user’s home, a group of people prescribed medical marijuana sued the federal government. They argued that the Controlled Substances Act exceeded the government’s authority since the use of medical marijuana was within the state of California, not between states. The case reached the Supreme Court in 2004 in Gonzales v. Raich. The Court ruled 6:3 that the government did have authority to prohibit medical marijuana possession and use, even though it was legal in California. It reasoned that since marijuana sales are part of a national market, the federal government can control marijuana possession.

Short Answer Question Practice Submission 1

"Great answers…part 3 is a little more tricky. In the Gonzales case, the defendant was growing his own marijuana - for medical purposes. California medical marijuana users could limit the impact of the ruling by not growing their own marijuana and using state dispensaries."

Short Answer Question Practice Submission 2

"For Part 2, make sure to expand on your thought about why guns do not constitute commerce and marijuana does."

AP Gov SAQ Practice Prompt Answers & Feedback

 is defined as a constitutional doctrine that ensures that states cannot create laws that infringe or take away the constitutional rights of citizens. The part of the constitution that provides for selective incorporation is the 14th Amendment.


The Supreme Court uses the Fourteenth Amendment to selectively incorporate these rights.

states that all persons born or naturalized in the United States are citizens of the United States and of the State that they reside in. 

It also states that the State cannot create “any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.” It is this part, aka the Equal Protections Clause, that the Supreme Court 

, that we reviewed earlier, which ruled to limit gun control laws in Chicago. This relates back to selective incorporation because the citizens’ right to bear arms relates to the states through the 

Another historic court case related to selective incorporation is 

. which ruled that illegally seized evidence cannot be used in court against the accused. The Court held that evidence collected from an unlawful search be excluded from trial. This ruling incorporated the Fourth Amendment’s protection of privacy using the Due Process Clause of the 14th Amendment.

What does the Equal Protection Clause do?

Selective Incorporation & the 14th Amendment

We’ve compiled a sortable list of a bunch of the AP US Government & Politics (GoPo) past prompts! The AP GOPO essays (or all written portions) are 50% of the exam including short-answer questions (SAQs) and an Argument Essay. It’s important that you understand the rubrics and question styles going into the exam. Use this list to practice! 

By practicing with previously released free response questions (FRQs), you’ll build critical-thinking and analytical skills that will prepare you for the exam. These past prompts have been designed to help you connect concepts and ideas to each other while applying your knowledge to real-life scenarios.

 to focus more on primary documents and have more specific course content outlines, but the past prompts are still a good resource to practice with!

 for reviews, concept explanations, practice FRQs, and more!

Interactions Among Branches of Government (Congress, Policy-making, interest groups)

Since 2008 the Alliance Defending Freedom, a conservative Christian interest group, has promoted an annual event known as Pulpit Freedom Sunday. On this occasion, pastors are encouraged to challenge a provision of the tax law known as the Johnson Amendment, which prohibits political activity by certain nonprofit organizations, including religious organizations. While the Johnson Amendment does not restrict religious leaders from speaking out regarding social issues, it does prohibit them from contributing money to political campaigns or speaking out in favor or against candidates running for political office. 

On Pulpit Freedom Sunday, as an act of civil disobedience, pastors and religious leaders preach openly about the moral qualifications of candidates seeking office.

To carefully read the provided passage and then use the information provided to describe responses that Congress could take, potential partisan obstacles, and how an interest group could argue their rights are being threatened by the scenario.

American Political Ideologies and Belief (political parties, polls)

Using the graphic provided and your knowledge of the AP GoPo course, analyze the data provided and apply it to the situations provided.

Civil Liberties and Civil Rights (civil rights, Fourteenth Amendment)

In the 1950s, Pete Hernandez, a Mexican American agricultural worker, was found guilty of murder and sentenced to life in prison by an all-white jury in Jackson County, Texas. Hernandez’s defense claimed that people of Mexican ancestry had been discriminated against in Jackson County. They pointed to the fact that no person of Mexican ancestry had served on a jury in 25 years and that the Jackson County Courthouse itself practiced segregation in its facilities. The five jury commissioners, who selected the members of the grand jury, testified under oath that they selected jurors based only on their qualifications and did not consider race or national origin in their decisions.

(1954), the Supreme Court unanimously ruled in favor of Hernandez, deciding that evidence of discrimination against Mexican Americans existed in Jackson County and that the Constitution prohibits such discrimination.

Using your knowledge of the 14th Amendment and 

, explain the decision and explain how you would apply it to 

Foundations of American Democracy (federalism)

The United States Constitution establishes a federal system of government. Under federalism, policy making is shared between national and state governments. Over time, the powers of the national government have increased relative to those of the state governments.

Develop an argument about whether the expanded powers of the national government benefits or hinders policy making.

Use at least one piece of evidence from one of the following foundational documents: 

Using one of the documents listed and additional outside evidence, argue whether or not the expanded powers of the federal government is good or bad for policy-making.

Political Participation (political parties, third-parties)

Political parties seek to win elections to control government

Demonstrate your understanding of how electoral competition affects third-parties and is affected by gerrymandering.

Public opinion polls are commonly used by politicians and the media.

Demonstrate your understanding of polling by explaining what makes a poll reliable and how they are used.

The United States Constitution gave Congress and the president specific legislative powers. As a result, the interactions between the two are dynamic and complex.

Demonstrate your understanding of checks and balances by explaining the relationships between vetos, the State of the Union Address, and congressional overrides.

Interactions Between Branches (republicanism)

In a democracy, what the majority wants should influence public policy. The opinion of the majority is sometimes, but not always, reflected in policy change.

Demonstrate your understanding of the policy-making process by explaining the influence of interest groups, the media, and public opinion and explain how different situations can affect it.

The framers of the Constitution intended the Supreme Court to be politically insulated. Despite this intent, the Supreme Court is not completely insulated from political influences.

Explain how the Supreme Court maintains its independence from public opinion and how Congress and the President can limit it.

Political Participation (Interest Groups)

Interest groups play an important role in the political process.

To describe the functions and goals of interest groups in policy-making.

Interactions Among Branches of Government (Federal Spending)

Social Security, Medicaid, and Medicare are all mandatory spending programs, also known as entitlement programs.

To describe how federal spending, including entitlement and discretionary programs, functions and is affected by different factors.

Interactions Between Branches of Government (federalism)

The balance of power between the United States national government and state governments is shaped by the Constitution and Supreme Court rulings.

AP GoPo Free Response Questions (FRQ) – Past Prompts

Whether you've taken AP Gov before, are in the class right now, or are just browsing on the internet during AP season, you might just come across some AP Gov memes! We've picked a few of the best that are not only funny, but also are relevant to the course content!

Let us know if this trick works with your AP Gov teacher! Sourced from 

I vividly remember my AP Government teacher putting this up on the board during one of our first classes! Of course, he said homework ISN'T prohibited 😠 by the 8th amendment; in my opinion, that's debatable. 😉

Let's do some review of the content that goes with this meme! The 

 📑 contains the first 10 amendments to the US Constitution. This was something the Anti-Federalists wanted to protect the rights of citizens and prevent government overreach.

 Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.  


You can extract two main points from this:



Now, whether homework qualifies as "cruel or unusual punishment"—that's up to you to decide. 😎

Were the Articles of Confederation any good? Nope! Created by Fiveable on 

I like to think about the Articles of Confederation 📜 as the "terrible first attempt" at a Constitution for our country. The Articles were very weak and did not give the federal government very much power. 😢

One of the main reasons why the founders developed the Articles in this manner was that America had just gotten freedom from a 👑 king! They didn't want the federal government to turn into a monarchy-type government again.

Here are some reasons why the Articles were ineffective:

For the sake of all bears, we hope the founding fathers didn't mean real bears' arms. We think they meant weapons 😉 Image used with permission from Twitter user and teacher 

Ha! We can assure you that the bear is safe, even though the 2nd amendment does guarantee you the right to "bear arms." Unless, of course, the founding fathers meant real bear arms and we've just been reading it wrong for 300 years . . . 🐻

 A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.

This amendment protects the right to possess a firearm for self-defense. Additionally, it allows for states to preserve their militias. 🔫

This amendment is often at the center of the gun-control debate, and it has become increasingly controversial in recent years. 💬

, a required Supreme Court Case for the AP exam, the Supreme Court incorporated the 2nd amendment. This means that the 2nd amendment would subsequently apply to states, not just the federal government. 🏦

 Want to see the other required Supreme Court cases for the AP Government and Politics exam? 

Ha! They can't search without a warrant—remember that! Image used with permission from Twitter user and teacher 

Yup! If they forgot a warrant that's not signed by a 👩‍⚖️ judge, police cannot legally enter and search your home. This is super important to remember, in real life and for AP Government! 🚓

This meme goes with the 4th amendment in the Bill of Rights. It states the following:

 "The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized."

As you can see, the warrant must describe the place 🗺️ to be searched and what needs to be seized. 📜

Another important thing to remember about the 4th Amendment is the 

The exclusionary rule states that if police obtain some piece of evidence illegally (ex: without a warrant), prosecutors cannot use that evidence against you in court. ⚖️ An interesting case that goes with this rule is 

. Although it isn't one of the required court cases, it did establish this important rule! 📑

We hope you enjoyed these memes and learned something while you were at it! Good luck on your AP Gov exam! 🎉

Perfect Memes for AP US Government

Are you looking to self-study AP Gov? You've come to the right place! We'll give you some tips and tricks to help you 1) decide whether you want to self-study the course and 2) how to go about the process! 🎉

Let's go through some of the positives and negatives of self-studying an AP course!

1. Use the Course and Exam Description 📜

The AP US Government Course and Exam Description (CED) is the ultimate document for the class! It contains all the information you must know to get a 5 on the exam, and also has a full practice test included. 🎉

The AP Gov CED breaks down the class into 5 core units. College Board also lists the weight each unit has on the exam. You can use this to guide your studies! Spend more time on the units that appear more on the exam. ⏰

2. Have a plan for memorizing the Supreme Court cases and foundational documents 

As you might have noticed in the CED, there are specific Supreme Court cases 👩‍⚖️ and foundational documents 📜 that you must know for the AP exam! It's especially important to start studying these early on so you have time to master them.

Make a calendar for yourself to study the SCOTUS cases and foundational documents! Write each in different colors, and space them out throughout your study period. 📆


We have guides to help you master both the 

A view from outside the Supreme Court of the United States! Image from 

3. Make a study schedule and stick to it! 🗓

Making a study schedule is super important when you are self-studying a course! As I mentioned before, you want to make sure you have the best time management skills possible. ⏰ Here are some tips when creating a study schedule:

Let's look at the structure of the AP exam:

There are lots of practice tests on the Internet that you should take advantage of if you decide to self-study the course. 🎉 There are some questions available in the Course/Exam Description, but tons more in review books 📚 you can purchase. You can find some of the best ones here [[link best books post]].

It is especially important that you practice the free-response questions ✍, as this is where many students struggle. When creating your study schedule, try scheduling some practice free-response sections 2-4 times a month (depending on the time you have left before your AP exam).

Make sure you grade your practice FRQs with the College Board rubric! Doing this will help you get used to the structure before you sit down to take the real exam! 📝

Are you looking for an awesome resource to guide your self-studying? As always, we've got your back! You can sign up for the AP Gov Fiveable course. This can be super helpful when you're self-studying and includes the following:

It's $55 and we promise it's worth it! 🙂 Sign up for

Fiveable's AP US Government and Politics course

Remember, you've got this! Whether you decide to self-study, take the class online, or not take it all, we won't judge! Make sure you make the decision that is best for 

AP US Government Self-Study and Homeschool

Background of the Articles of Confederation 📃

Within the new nation there was a need for organization.

The American people feared a national government due to troubles with the British Monarchy, so there was a struggle to determine how much power should be given away. 

The 13 colonies needed to find common ground in order to be prosperous. 

The Continental Congress had incurred debts to fight the Revolutionary War.

Ultimately, the Articles of Confederation failed. Learn why they failed and how it relates to Shay's Rebellion.

video replay on the Articles of Confederation

Reasons Why the Articles of Confederation Failed 🚫  

Ultimately, the Articles of Confederation failed because they were crafted to keep the national government as weak as possible: 

Amendments needed to have a unanimous vote 

The combination of these factors made it impossible to be able to run a successful new nation. Each colony viewed their needs to be more important than the common good of the nation, and people were much more loyal to their individual states. The Continental Congress had borrowed money to fight the Revolutionary War and could not repay their debts, nor could they enforce a tax, as illustrated by Shay's Rebellion.

Downfall of the Articles of Confederation: Shays' Rebellion 

A group of Massachusetts farmers  were outraged by the increased efforts by the state government to collect taxes. 

They performed a series of violent attacks on government properties. 

The national government was unable to extinguish the rebellion. 

This proved that the Articles did not have the power needed to run the country successfully. 

video on the debate about the Constitution

Why Did the Articles of Confederation Fail?

*Just a heads up, the following list of resources contains affiliate links, which means that if you click on one of the product links, Fiveable will receive a small commission. This helps support our content creation and allows us to continue to make resources like this. Thank you for the support!


So you want a 5 on your AP Gov exam? Duh! Of course you do! Whether you want to study politics in college or not at all, the credits you can earn from AP Gov will come in handy. You’ll get credit for an intro to government course that can save you time with your general requirements and/or jump ahead to higher level politics classes.

Live Stream Replay: Interactions Among Branches (Unit 2) Review

Last year, only 13% of students that took the AP Gov exam scored a 5. You’ll need to surround yourself with the absolute best resources if you are headed toward a high score.

Although there are thousands of teacher websites and other free content across the internet, these five resources are proven to help students pass the exam with flying colors. Some of them are free, some cost as much as $40, but when you consider the amount of college credit you can earn, it’s a worthy investment to pass this exam.

Trivia Replay: AP US Government Game of 5s

 Kind of like tutoring, but in a group and all online. Every Tuesday night at 9pm, an experienced teacher hosts a live review to discuss topics and write practice essays live. You can rewatch any of the live sessions as many times as you want!


The key feature that Fiveable has that you won’t find in any of the other listed resource is a live, real teacher to answer your questions whenever you have them. If you attend sessions live, you can submit questions for the teacher to discuss. The replay will get time-stamped with the answered questions, which makes it really easy to go back and review that answer


The cool thing about Fiveable is that even though the live reviews are at the core of this resource, there are several other key features like trivia games that members play live! There are thousands of members across the world and you can see how you stack up against them!



 It’s a prep book, but the entire book is made up of images, graphic organizers, and flow charts! It’s relatively small at just 237 pages, unlike those thick prep books, and the amount of text is very limited. One of our favorite spreads is the How a Bill Becomes a Law Board Game!


 Some of the content in AP Gov can be really confusing or overwhelming, but this book is incredibly visual so it helps you make sense of each topic. Plus, there are tons of charts that will directly compare things and time lines to make sense of order of events.


Throughout the book, there are little icons that specify whether a topic is “must know,” “should know,” or “could know”. This is an incredibly helpful feature to help you narrow down all of the content and focus on just what you need to get a 5.



 Paul Sargent is an AP Gov and AP Euro teacher that has been developing his website and YouTube channel for years. There are tons of lectures, study guides, and other helpful videos linked throughout the site.


Like many AP classes, there are many ways to connect the content to real world events, but AP Gov is particularly relevant. Sargent does an excellent job linking interesting articles to each topic for further reading and to help connect these topics to current events.


 On Youtube, Sargent has a series called “Bit by Bit” that does an excellent job of breaking down the concepts into bite-sized chunks. Here’s the playlist for Gov – http://www.sargenotes.com/ap-government.html


 It’s an app! Actually, it’s a super useful app and super affordable ($2.99). There are 300 questions on here 

that cover all of the topics in a really straightforward way to help you study terms. These practice questions are not stimulus-based like the exam, but rather quick recall so you can play it a whole bunch of times.

 Vocabulary is such a big part of any AP exam and this app was created by teachers who truly understand the value of studying key terms. You can play the whole deck or focus just on a time period. Either way, if you play this a few times a week, you’ll be golden.


For every question, there is a detailed explanation in case you need a reminder for why the right answer is right. Each explanation also includes why the other three answers were wrong and it’s all right in the app so you don’t have to stop and Google anything.



AMSCO US Government & Politics: Preparing for the Advanced Placement Exam

 It’s a bit more than your average prep book, but way less than a textbook. A lot of teachers just use this as the textbook because it is so much more condensed in a good way! Each chapter is 10 pages or less and just gets to what’s important.



 It’s super easy to read and if you get it soon, you could definitely read the whole thing.



Every chapter has practice questions at the end, which are amazing! There are multiple-choice, short-answer, long-essay, and document-based questions that you can practice throughout. The only downside is the answer key is super secure and for teachers only, so you won’t have a quick way to check if you were right.



Bonus Resource: Facebook group for AP Gov students!
Join the Facebook group at 

https://www.facebook.com/groups/apgopostudents


What resources do you use? Tweet us at 

Live Stream Replay: Argumentative Essay Writing Workshop

5 AP US Government Resources for Students Who Want a 5 

 Hi, I’m Nicole Johnston from New Jersey!

 I’m an AP Gov teacher and streamer at Fiveable. This year’s exam is different than we expected, but I’m here to help. I’ve put together this study guide to help keep you on track while you are studying from home. You can 

follow this guide on your own with a free Fiveable account

! I’ll also be joining a group of students live on Wednesdays @ 8pm ET during cram sessions. 

This year, the AP US Government exam will look different than you were expecting. As we’re all on quarantine 😷 due to COVID-19, the College Board has decided to update the format and content of the test to fit an online testing format.

You’ll have 45-minutes to take the exam online and it will only cover units 1-3. If you have already studied content from unit 4 and 5, don’t stress! It’s all worth knowing.

2- ⚖️ Interactions Among Branches of 

3- ✊🏽 Civil Liberties and Civil Rights

4 – 🐘  American Political Ideologies and Beliefs

 Wherever you are in the world, this is the time you’ll take the test. Unless you have been approved for the make-up date in June, but only your school can request that. You’ll take the test online. There will be a practice simulation posted by College Board within the next few weeks.

With so many school closures and the stress of a global pandemic, this review season will be different than usual. If this is your first AP exam, welcome! Don’t worry, it’s not usually this chaotic.


We’ve put together this plan for you to follow between now and May. This will cover all of the units and leave you time to practice questions before test day. Some classes may have done units out of chronological order throughout the year, which is ok. The units don’t have to be taught in order. If you are learning new material on your own and need some help, use the chat bubble on 

. We’ll answer any questions you may have. 


All of the required resources are free. 

  We’ve also linked a few other websites, articles, and YouTube videos that you can access for free. Some of the suggested resources include paid products. There are some documentaries that you can find on streaming sites with a paid membership and we’ll also list streams and practice questions that require a paid cram pass on Fiveable.

Before we begin, take some time to get organized. Remote learning can be great, but it also means you’ll need to hold yourself accountable more than usual. 


🖥 Create a study space.
Make sure you have a designated place at home to study. Somewhere you can keep all of your materials, where you can focus on learning, and where you are comfortable. Spend some time prepping the space with everything you need and you can even let others in the family know that this is your study space. 


📚 Organize your study materials.
Get your notebook, textbook, prep books, or whatever other physical materials you have. Also create a space for you to keep track of review. Start a new section in your notebook to take notes or start a Google Doc to keep track of your notes. Get your self set up!



📅 Plan designated times for studying.
The hardest part about studying from home is sticking to a routine. Decide on one hour every day that you can dedicate to studying. This can be any time of the day, whatever works best for you. Set a timer on your phone for that time and really try to stick to it. The routine will help you stay on track.



🏆 Decide on an accountability plan.
How will you hold yourself accountable to this study plan? You may or may not have a teacher or rules set up to help you stay on track, so you need to set some for yourself. First set your goal. This could be studying for x number of hours or getting through a unit. Then, create a reward for yourself. If you reach your goal, then x. This will help stay focused!

unit 1: foundations of american democracy

Unit 1 introduces the concept of democracy and its various forms. The documents that first started the United States are analyzed by looking at the challenges and promises associated with each. The division of power within our government: individual rights vs government authority and state vs federal government powers are at the heart of this unit and discussed within each founding document. 

: A full review of the types of democracy, the difference between government and politics as well as the functions of government are discussed. 

: A deep dive into the foundational documents you need to know for the exam.

: A review of the compromises leading to the ratification of the Constitution. 

 (Scherz-Cibolo-Universal City Independent School District)

if you have more time or want to dig deeper:

⚖️ unit 2: interactions among branches of government

Unit 2 dives into the separation of powers between our three branches of government. It looks at the specific powers of each branch as outlined in the Constitution and how each branch has grown in power through the years. The system of checks and balances and the role each branch plays in holding the other accountable is analyzed. 

: This stream provides a review of the legislative and judicial branches including their powers and role within the federal government.

 This stream provides a review of the executive branch including its powers and role within the federal government.

: This video from Crash Course reviews the separation of powers between the three branches of government. It also looks at the ways each branch “checks” the other. 

✊ unit 3: civil liberties and civil rights

Unit 3 takes the principles of our government established in Units 1 and 2 to analyze maintaining those principles while balancing liberty and order. The role of the 

 and the 14th amendment in guaranteeing civil rights and liberties for all citizens is at the heart of this unit.  

AP Gov New Format (FRQ) Study Guide


Quizlet is a useful tool for memorizing key terms and other pieces of information. It’s especially useful in AP Gov, with the 27 amendments and the 15 required court cases. A good Quizlet deck will help you memorize not only these terms but other useful pieces of information.

⚡Tune in to our 

 for upcoming streams. Find the 2020 exam schedule, learn tips & tricks, and get your frequently asked questions answered on 

Fiveable’s Guide to the 2020 AP Exam Updates

unit 1 (15-22%): foundations of american democracy

AP Gov Unit 1 focuses on 3 concepts: democracy and its types, the battle between the Articles of Confederation and the Constitution, and what Federalism is and its forms. As it’s the foundation (pun not intended) of the rest of the course, it’s important to understand these 94 terms.

A daunting number, trust me I know 😅. Luckily there are some key terms you can focus on learning before getting to the rest of them. These ones are vital to the rest of the course and difficult to learn in comparison to the others.

🌳State of Nature: Basically the time before governments and society. Complete freedom occurs, which is both good, as yay freedom, but also bad, as no government can protect you.

📰Articles of Confederation: The first constitution of the United States, focused on preserving the individual states’ power. It was replaced because it led to the inability of the federal government to do things like collect taxes and regulate trade.

Constitutional Convention: The meeting of state delegates in 1787 to design a new constitution. Lots of compromises occurred, such as the Great Compromise and the Three-Fifths Compromise.

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Foundations of American Democracy

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Unit 3

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Other Resources

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Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ)

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Erin Chady

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Join Our Discord

AP US Government Exam Prep 2020-21🏛️

Trending

Study by Unit

Unit 1﻿

Foundations of American Democracy﻿

Unit 2﻿

Interactions Among Branches of Government﻿

Unit 3﻿

Civil Liberties and Civil Rights﻿

Unit 4﻿

American Political Ideologies and Beliefs﻿

Unit 5﻿

Political Participation﻿

Other Resources

Free Reviews 2020﻿

Current Events﻿

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ)﻿

Free Response Questions (FRQ)﻿

Blogs﻿

Creators

Jenni MacLean﻿

Robby May﻿

Allison Powell﻿

Nicole Johnston﻿

Eric Beckman﻿

Kevin Steinhauser﻿

Fatima Raja﻿

Brandon Wu﻿

Akhilesh Shivaramakrishnan﻿

Annika Tekumulla﻿

Isabela Padilha Vilela ﻿

Samantha Howey﻿

Erin Chady﻿

Paul Sargent﻿

Curt Merlau﻿