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6.5 Technological Innovation

7 min readjanuary 26, 2023

Robby May

Robby May

Ashley Rossi

Ashley Rossi

Riya Patel

Riya Patel

Robby May

Robby May

Ashley Rossi

Ashley Rossi

Riya Patel

Riya Patel

Introduction

The growth of industry in the United States during the late 19th and early 20th centuries was driven by several factors, including new technological innovations, greater access to natural resources, and a rapidly growing labor force. The use of , , and in manufacturing and production led to increased output power and efficiency. The United States also began tapping into its natural resources, particularly iron, coal, and oil, as a means of more efficient production. This created a boom in manufacturing and had a significant impact on the country's economy and foreign policy.

The industrial boom also led to urbanization as people migrated from rural areas to cities in search of work in the factories. This resulted in the growth of cities such as , , and . The increase in industrial production also led to the development of new transportation methods such as and , which allowed for faster and more efficient movement of goods and people.

The rise of industry also had a significant impact on the labor force. The introduction of led to an increase in the demand for unskilled labor, which led to the growth of the working class and the rise of organized labor. This, in turn, led to the formation of and the rise of the .

Additionally, the growth of industry in the United States also led to the development of new business practices, such as and the rise of large corporations. These corporations, such as , controlled large portions of the economy and had a significant impact on the country's politics and society.

Overall, the industrial boom in the United States during the late 19th and early 20th centuries had a significant impact on the country's economy, society, and politics, shaping the nation as we know it today.

Communications

The invention of the and the were two of the most significant technological advancements that transformed communications during the 19th century. 's invention of a workable in 1844, and the improvements made by in 1866 with the , allowed for faster and more efficient communication over long distances. By the 1870s, networks were in place on every continent, revolutionizing the way people communicated with one another.

's invention of the in 1876 was another major breakthrough in communications technology. Bell, who was a Scot who settled in Boston in 1871, was interested in the problems of the deaf and experimented with ways to transmit speech electrically. After several years of experimentation, he developed electrified metal disks that converted sound waves into electrical impulses and back again. On March 10, 1876, he transmitted the first sentence over a "Mr. Watson, come here; I want you." This invention greatly improved communication by allowing people to speak to each other directly over long distances, rather than relying on telegrams or letters.

Both the and greatly improved the speed and efficiency of communication, revolutionizing the way people interacted and conducted business. They played an important role in the development of modern society by connecting people and businesses across the globe, and laying the foundation for the development of more advanced communication technologies such as the radio, television, and the internet.

Industry

The , , and were significant innovations that transformed the during the late 19th century. These technological advancements made it possible for manufacturers to produce ready-made clothes for the masses, which greatly increased the efficiency and productivity of the . This led to a decrease in the cost of clothing and made it more affordable for people of all socioeconomic backgrounds to purchase.

Another major innovation of the time was 's use of the . This process allowed for steel to be produced more efficiently and at much lower prices than ever before. This was a significant development as steel was used extensively in construction and infrastructure projects such as building in the West and cities in the East. This led to the growth of the national economy and the expansion of the country.

The innovations in steel production and the were important contributors to the growth of the economy and the development of modern society. The steel industry was a major driving force behind the expansion of infrastructure and the construction of new buildings, while the made it possible for people of all socioeconomic backgrounds to purchase affordable clothing.

In addition to the innovations in steel production and the , there were other technological advancements that also played a significant role in transforming society during the late 19th century. One of these was the development of the , which was used in automobiles and other forms of transportation, greatly improving the efficiency and speed of travel. The invention of the also greatly improved the efficiency and speed of transportation within buildings, making it possible to construct taller buildings than ever before.

The growth of the retail industry was also a direct result of the technological advancements of the time. The development of the and the made it possible for people to purchase goods from a wide range of products at one location or through mail-order, greatly improving the convenience of shopping and making it more accessible to people all over the country.

Electricity 

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Edison_bulb.jpg

Image Courtesy of Wikimedia

's invention of the in 1879 was one of the most significant technological advancements of the late 19th century. The invention made it possible for people to light their homes and workplaces with electric light, greatly improving the efficiency and convenience of lighting. Edison's initial system was based on low-voltage direct current, which could be transmitted only about 2 miles.

However, , demonstrated the advantages of high-voltage alternating current for transmission over great distances. In 1886, he formed the Westinghouse Electric Company with the inventor Nikola Tesla. They developed an that could convert into mechanical power. This allowed factories to be located further away from water or coal, greatly increasing the flexibility and efficiency of industry.

The , the development of the , and the all greatly improved the efficiency and accessibility of . This had a profound impact on society, transforming the way people lived and worked, and greatly contributing to the growth of the economy. The innovations of Edison, Westinghouse and Tesla also led to the formation of , one of the largest and most influential companies in the world.

🎥 Watch: APUSH - Period 6 Review

Review

Technological advances during the period of 1865-1898 played a major role in the development of the United States. Some of the key effects of these advancements include:

  1. Economic growth: Technological advancements in areas such as steel production, transportation, and communications greatly contributed to the growth of the economy during this period. The development of new manufacturing processes and machinery led to increased productivity and efficiency, making it possible to produce goods at lower costs, which in turn led to the expansion of industry and the creation of new jobs.

  2. Expansion of infrastructure: The use of new technologies such as the Bessemer process for steel production, the , and the made it possible to construct , bridges, and buildings on a scale previously unimaginable. This led to the expansion of infrastructure and the growth of cities.

  3. Improved transportation: The development of the steam engine, the , and the greatly improved the efficiency and speed of transportation, making it possible to travel greater distances in less time.

  4. Increased communication: The invention of the and the greatly improved the speed and efficiency of communication, making it possible to transmit information over long distances quickly.

  5. Social changes: Technological advancements also led to social changes, such as the growth of the retail industry and the availability of ready-made clothing, which made it possible for people of all socioeconomic backgrounds to purchase goods and services that were previously only available to the wealthy.

  6. Development of new industries: The invention of the and the development of the led to the creation of the electric power industry. The development of the led to the creation of the automobile industry.

  7. Improved living standards: The availability of electric light made it possible for people to work and study in well-lit environments at any time of the day. The development of the and made it possible for people to communicate with each other quickly and easily, regardless of their location.

  8. Impact on foreign policy: The technological advancements of this period also had an impact on foreign policy. The development of the steel and oil industries, for example, led to the United States becoming a major industrial and economic power, which in turn led to an expansion of its political and military influence abroad.

  9. Impact on labor: The introduction of new machinery and manufacturing processes led to increased productivity and efficiency, but also led to the displacement of many workers. This led to the rise of the and the push for better working conditions and fair wages.

Overall, technological advancements during the period of 1865-1898 had a profound impact on the development of the United States, leading to economic growth, expansion of infrastructure, improved transportation and communication, development of new industries, improved living standards, impact on foreign policy, and changes in the labor market.

Key Terms to Review (35)

Alexander Graham Bell

: Alexander Graham Bell was a Scottish-born inventor, scientist, and engineer who is credited with inventing and patenting the first practical telephone.

Alternating Current Motor

: An alternating current (AC) motor is a type of electric motor that operates by converting electrical energy into mechanical energy through the use of an alternating current.

Alternating Current Transmission System

: This refers to systems used for transmitting electricity over long distances using alternating current. It's more efficient than direct current for power transmission.

Andrew Carnegie

: Andrew Carnegie was a Scottish-American industrialist and philanthropist who led the expansion of the American steel industry in the late 19th century. He is also known for his article "The Gospel of Wealth."

Assembly Line Production

: Assembly line production is a manufacturing process in which parts are added to a product in a sequential manner using optimally planned logistics to create a finished product much faster than with handcrafting-type methods.

Automatic Looms

: An automatic loom is an innovation in textile industry that mechanizes the process of weaving cloth, making it faster and more efficient.

Chicago

: Chicago is a city located on Lake Michigan in Illinois. It's known for its vibrant arts scene, numerous cultural attractions, excellent shopping, and interesting architecture.

Clothing Industry

: This is an industry that involves all aspects related to clothes including design, production, marketing and retailing. It's one of the oldest human activities dating back thousands of years but has significantly evolved over time due to technological advancements like electric sewing machines.

Cyrus Field

: Cyrus Field was an American businessman and financier who, in the 19th century, led the effort to lay the first transatlantic telegraph cable.

Department Store

: A large retail establishment that sells a wide variety of goods divided into departments.

Electric Elevator

: An elevator powered by electric motors rather than manual labor or steam power. The electric motor drives a lifting system that moves the elevator car up and down.

Electric Sewing Machines

: These are machines powered by electricity that are used to stitch fabric and other materials together with thread. They were invented during the first Industrial Revolution to decrease the amount of manual sewing work performed in clothing companies.

Electricity

: Electricity is a form of energy resulting from the existence of charged particles such as electrons or protons. It can be generated through various methods and is used to power everything from lights to computers.

General Electric

: General Electric (GE) is an American multinational conglomerate incorporated in New York City and headquartered in Boston. As one of the largest firms globally, GE operates across many industries including aviation, healthcare, power generation, renewable energy, digital industry, additive manufacturing and venture capital and finance.

George Westinghouse

: George Westinghouse was an American entrepreneur and engineer who invented the railway air brake and was a pioneer in the electrical industry. He is best known for promoting alternating-current technology over direct-current.

Henry Bessemer's Process of Steel Production

: This is a method for mass-producing steel named after its inventor, Henry Bessemer. The process involves blowing air through molten iron to burn off impurities and carbon, resulting in stronger and more flexible steel.

High Speed Spindle

: A high-speed spindle is a device used in manufacturing processes that rotates at high speed (often tens of thousands RPM) allowing for rapid machining of materials.

Incandescent Lightbulb

: An incandescent light bulb is an electric light with a wire filament heated until it glows. The heat is generated by an electric current passing through a filament, which then produces visible light.

Internal Combustion Engine

: An internal combustion engine is a heat engine where the combustion of a fuel occurs with an oxidizer in a combustion chamber. This process results in the force needed to move pistons contained within cylinders, which then powers a vehicle or machine.

Kerosene

: Kerosene is a flammable hydrocarbon liquid commonly used as fuel. It was often used for lighting before electricity became widespread.

Labor Movement

: The labor movement refers to the social and political campaign by workers (often organized into unions) for better wages, safer working conditions, and fair treatment from employers. It gained momentum during the Industrial Revolution when factory conditions were often dangerous and exploitative.

Mail-Order Catalog

: A publication containing a list of general merchandise from a company. Customers can order from the catalog and have items shipped directly to them.

New York

: One of the 13 original colonies, New York was named after the Duke of York when English took control from Dutch in 1664. It played a significant role in early American history, particularly during the Revolutionary War.

Pittsburgh

: Pittsburgh is a city in the state of Pennsylvania, known for its steel industry and blue-collar roots. It played a significant role in the Industrial Revolution in the United States.

Railroads

: A railroad is a track or set of tracks made of steel rails along which passenger and freight trains run. Railroads were instrumental in the industrial development and westward expansion of the United States during the 19th century.

Samuel F.B. Morse

: Samuel F.B. Morse was an American inventor and artist who is best known for his invention of the Morse code and contribution to the development of the telegraph system.

Standard Oil

: Standard Oil was an American oil producing, transporting, refining, and marketing company established in 1870 by John D. Rockefeller and his associates. It became one of the world's first and largest multinational corporations until it was broken up by the U.S government in 1911 due to antitrust laws.

Steam Engines

: A steam engine is a heat engine that performs mechanical work using steam as its working fluid. It was a key invention during the Industrial Revolution that helped to mechanize many forms of labor and transportation.

Steamships

: Steamships are large ships powered by steam engines that were used extensively for both passenger travel and cargo transport during the 19th and early 20th centuries.

Telegraph

: The telegraph was a long-distance communication device invented in the 19th century that used coded signals to send messages across wires.

Telephone

: The telephone is a communication device invented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876. It allows for the transmission of voice and sound over long distances.

Thomas Edison

: Thomas Edison was an American inventor and businessman who is best known for inventing the practical electric light bulb, phonograph, and motion picture camera. He held 1,093 patents for his inventions.

Trade Unions

: Trade unions are organizations of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals such as better working conditions. The union leadership, elected by the workforce, negotiates with the employer on behalf of union members.

Transatlantic Cable

: The Transatlantic Cable was an underwater telegraph line completed in 1866 that connected North America with Europe, allowing for faster communication across continents.

Vertical Integration

: Vertical integration is when a company controls more than one stage of the supply chain for a product, from the raw materials to manufacturing and distribution.

6.5 Technological Innovation

7 min readjanuary 26, 2023

Robby May

Robby May

Ashley Rossi

Ashley Rossi

Riya Patel

Riya Patel

Robby May

Robby May

Ashley Rossi

Ashley Rossi

Riya Patel

Riya Patel

Introduction

The growth of industry in the United States during the late 19th and early 20th centuries was driven by several factors, including new technological innovations, greater access to natural resources, and a rapidly growing labor force. The use of , , and in manufacturing and production led to increased output power and efficiency. The United States also began tapping into its natural resources, particularly iron, coal, and oil, as a means of more efficient production. This created a boom in manufacturing and had a significant impact on the country's economy and foreign policy.

The industrial boom also led to urbanization as people migrated from rural areas to cities in search of work in the factories. This resulted in the growth of cities such as , , and . The increase in industrial production also led to the development of new transportation methods such as and , which allowed for faster and more efficient movement of goods and people.

The rise of industry also had a significant impact on the labor force. The introduction of led to an increase in the demand for unskilled labor, which led to the growth of the working class and the rise of organized labor. This, in turn, led to the formation of and the rise of the .

Additionally, the growth of industry in the United States also led to the development of new business practices, such as and the rise of large corporations. These corporations, such as , controlled large portions of the economy and had a significant impact on the country's politics and society.

Overall, the industrial boom in the United States during the late 19th and early 20th centuries had a significant impact on the country's economy, society, and politics, shaping the nation as we know it today.

Communications

The invention of the and the were two of the most significant technological advancements that transformed communications during the 19th century. 's invention of a workable in 1844, and the improvements made by in 1866 with the , allowed for faster and more efficient communication over long distances. By the 1870s, networks were in place on every continent, revolutionizing the way people communicated with one another.

's invention of the in 1876 was another major breakthrough in communications technology. Bell, who was a Scot who settled in Boston in 1871, was interested in the problems of the deaf and experimented with ways to transmit speech electrically. After several years of experimentation, he developed electrified metal disks that converted sound waves into electrical impulses and back again. On March 10, 1876, he transmitted the first sentence over a "Mr. Watson, come here; I want you." This invention greatly improved communication by allowing people to speak to each other directly over long distances, rather than relying on telegrams or letters.

Both the and greatly improved the speed and efficiency of communication, revolutionizing the way people interacted and conducted business. They played an important role in the development of modern society by connecting people and businesses across the globe, and laying the foundation for the development of more advanced communication technologies such as the radio, television, and the internet.

Industry

The , , and were significant innovations that transformed the during the late 19th century. These technological advancements made it possible for manufacturers to produce ready-made clothes for the masses, which greatly increased the efficiency and productivity of the . This led to a decrease in the cost of clothing and made it more affordable for people of all socioeconomic backgrounds to purchase.

Another major innovation of the time was 's use of the . This process allowed for steel to be produced more efficiently and at much lower prices than ever before. This was a significant development as steel was used extensively in construction and infrastructure projects such as building in the West and cities in the East. This led to the growth of the national economy and the expansion of the country.

The innovations in steel production and the were important contributors to the growth of the economy and the development of modern society. The steel industry was a major driving force behind the expansion of infrastructure and the construction of new buildings, while the made it possible for people of all socioeconomic backgrounds to purchase affordable clothing.

In addition to the innovations in steel production and the , there were other technological advancements that also played a significant role in transforming society during the late 19th century. One of these was the development of the , which was used in automobiles and other forms of transportation, greatly improving the efficiency and speed of travel. The invention of the also greatly improved the efficiency and speed of transportation within buildings, making it possible to construct taller buildings than ever before.

The growth of the retail industry was also a direct result of the technological advancements of the time. The development of the and the made it possible for people to purchase goods from a wide range of products at one location or through mail-order, greatly improving the convenience of shopping and making it more accessible to people all over the country.

Electricity 

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Edison_bulb.jpg

Image Courtesy of Wikimedia

's invention of the in 1879 was one of the most significant technological advancements of the late 19th century. The invention made it possible for people to light their homes and workplaces with electric light, greatly improving the efficiency and convenience of lighting. Edison's initial system was based on low-voltage direct current, which could be transmitted only about 2 miles.

However, , demonstrated the advantages of high-voltage alternating current for transmission over great distances. In 1886, he formed the Westinghouse Electric Company with the inventor Nikola Tesla. They developed an that could convert into mechanical power. This allowed factories to be located further away from water or coal, greatly increasing the flexibility and efficiency of industry.

The , the development of the , and the all greatly improved the efficiency and accessibility of . This had a profound impact on society, transforming the way people lived and worked, and greatly contributing to the growth of the economy. The innovations of Edison, Westinghouse and Tesla also led to the formation of , one of the largest and most influential companies in the world.

🎥 Watch: APUSH - Period 6 Review

Review

Technological advances during the period of 1865-1898 played a major role in the development of the United States. Some of the key effects of these advancements include:

  1. Economic growth: Technological advancements in areas such as steel production, transportation, and communications greatly contributed to the growth of the economy during this period. The development of new manufacturing processes and machinery led to increased productivity and efficiency, making it possible to produce goods at lower costs, which in turn led to the expansion of industry and the creation of new jobs.

  2. Expansion of infrastructure: The use of new technologies such as the Bessemer process for steel production, the , and the made it possible to construct , bridges, and buildings on a scale previously unimaginable. This led to the expansion of infrastructure and the growth of cities.

  3. Improved transportation: The development of the steam engine, the , and the greatly improved the efficiency and speed of transportation, making it possible to travel greater distances in less time.

  4. Increased communication: The invention of the and the greatly improved the speed and efficiency of communication, making it possible to transmit information over long distances quickly.

  5. Social changes: Technological advancements also led to social changes, such as the growth of the retail industry and the availability of ready-made clothing, which made it possible for people of all socioeconomic backgrounds to purchase goods and services that were previously only available to the wealthy.

  6. Development of new industries: The invention of the and the development of the led to the creation of the electric power industry. The development of the led to the creation of the automobile industry.

  7. Improved living standards: The availability of electric light made it possible for people to work and study in well-lit environments at any time of the day. The development of the and made it possible for people to communicate with each other quickly and easily, regardless of their location.

  8. Impact on foreign policy: The technological advancements of this period also had an impact on foreign policy. The development of the steel and oil industries, for example, led to the United States becoming a major industrial and economic power, which in turn led to an expansion of its political and military influence abroad.

  9. Impact on labor: The introduction of new machinery and manufacturing processes led to increased productivity and efficiency, but also led to the displacement of many workers. This led to the rise of the and the push for better working conditions and fair wages.

Overall, technological advancements during the period of 1865-1898 had a profound impact on the development of the United States, leading to economic growth, expansion of infrastructure, improved transportation and communication, development of new industries, improved living standards, impact on foreign policy, and changes in the labor market.

Key Terms to Review (35)

Alexander Graham Bell

: Alexander Graham Bell was a Scottish-born inventor, scientist, and engineer who is credited with inventing and patenting the first practical telephone.

Alternating Current Motor

: An alternating current (AC) motor is a type of electric motor that operates by converting electrical energy into mechanical energy through the use of an alternating current.

Alternating Current Transmission System

: This refers to systems used for transmitting electricity over long distances using alternating current. It's more efficient than direct current for power transmission.

Andrew Carnegie

: Andrew Carnegie was a Scottish-American industrialist and philanthropist who led the expansion of the American steel industry in the late 19th century. He is also known for his article "The Gospel of Wealth."

Assembly Line Production

: Assembly line production is a manufacturing process in which parts are added to a product in a sequential manner using optimally planned logistics to create a finished product much faster than with handcrafting-type methods.

Automatic Looms

: An automatic loom is an innovation in textile industry that mechanizes the process of weaving cloth, making it faster and more efficient.

Chicago

: Chicago is a city located on Lake Michigan in Illinois. It's known for its vibrant arts scene, numerous cultural attractions, excellent shopping, and interesting architecture.

Clothing Industry

: This is an industry that involves all aspects related to clothes including design, production, marketing and retailing. It's one of the oldest human activities dating back thousands of years but has significantly evolved over time due to technological advancements like electric sewing machines.

Cyrus Field

: Cyrus Field was an American businessman and financier who, in the 19th century, led the effort to lay the first transatlantic telegraph cable.

Department Store

: A large retail establishment that sells a wide variety of goods divided into departments.

Electric Elevator

: An elevator powered by electric motors rather than manual labor or steam power. The electric motor drives a lifting system that moves the elevator car up and down.

Electric Sewing Machines

: These are machines powered by electricity that are used to stitch fabric and other materials together with thread. They were invented during the first Industrial Revolution to decrease the amount of manual sewing work performed in clothing companies.

Electricity

: Electricity is a form of energy resulting from the existence of charged particles such as electrons or protons. It can be generated through various methods and is used to power everything from lights to computers.

General Electric

: General Electric (GE) is an American multinational conglomerate incorporated in New York City and headquartered in Boston. As one of the largest firms globally, GE operates across many industries including aviation, healthcare, power generation, renewable energy, digital industry, additive manufacturing and venture capital and finance.

George Westinghouse

: George Westinghouse was an American entrepreneur and engineer who invented the railway air brake and was a pioneer in the electrical industry. He is best known for promoting alternating-current technology over direct-current.

Henry Bessemer's Process of Steel Production

: This is a method for mass-producing steel named after its inventor, Henry Bessemer. The process involves blowing air through molten iron to burn off impurities and carbon, resulting in stronger and more flexible steel.

High Speed Spindle

: A high-speed spindle is a device used in manufacturing processes that rotates at high speed (often tens of thousands RPM) allowing for rapid machining of materials.

Incandescent Lightbulb

: An incandescent light bulb is an electric light with a wire filament heated until it glows. The heat is generated by an electric current passing through a filament, which then produces visible light.

Internal Combustion Engine

: An internal combustion engine is a heat engine where the combustion of a fuel occurs with an oxidizer in a combustion chamber. This process results in the force needed to move pistons contained within cylinders, which then powers a vehicle or machine.

Kerosene

: Kerosene is a flammable hydrocarbon liquid commonly used as fuel. It was often used for lighting before electricity became widespread.

Labor Movement

: The labor movement refers to the social and political campaign by workers (often organized into unions) for better wages, safer working conditions, and fair treatment from employers. It gained momentum during the Industrial Revolution when factory conditions were often dangerous and exploitative.

Mail-Order Catalog

: A publication containing a list of general merchandise from a company. Customers can order from the catalog and have items shipped directly to them.

New York

: One of the 13 original colonies, New York was named after the Duke of York when English took control from Dutch in 1664. It played a significant role in early American history, particularly during the Revolutionary War.

Pittsburgh

: Pittsburgh is a city in the state of Pennsylvania, known for its steel industry and blue-collar roots. It played a significant role in the Industrial Revolution in the United States.

Railroads

: A railroad is a track or set of tracks made of steel rails along which passenger and freight trains run. Railroads were instrumental in the industrial development and westward expansion of the United States during the 19th century.

Samuel F.B. Morse

: Samuel F.B. Morse was an American inventor and artist who is best known for his invention of the Morse code and contribution to the development of the telegraph system.

Standard Oil

: Standard Oil was an American oil producing, transporting, refining, and marketing company established in 1870 by John D. Rockefeller and his associates. It became one of the world's first and largest multinational corporations until it was broken up by the U.S government in 1911 due to antitrust laws.

Steam Engines

: A steam engine is a heat engine that performs mechanical work using steam as its working fluid. It was a key invention during the Industrial Revolution that helped to mechanize many forms of labor and transportation.

Steamships

: Steamships are large ships powered by steam engines that were used extensively for both passenger travel and cargo transport during the 19th and early 20th centuries.

Telegraph

: The telegraph was a long-distance communication device invented in the 19th century that used coded signals to send messages across wires.

Telephone

: The telephone is a communication device invented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876. It allows for the transmission of voice and sound over long distances.

Thomas Edison

: Thomas Edison was an American inventor and businessman who is best known for inventing the practical electric light bulb, phonograph, and motion picture camera. He held 1,093 patents for his inventions.

Trade Unions

: Trade unions are organizations of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals such as better working conditions. The union leadership, elected by the workforce, negotiates with the employer on behalf of union members.

Transatlantic Cable

: The Transatlantic Cable was an underwater telegraph line completed in 1866 that connected North America with Europe, allowing for faster communication across continents.

Vertical Integration

: Vertical integration is when a company controls more than one stage of the supply chain for a product, from the raw materials to manufacturing and distribution.


© 2024 Fiveable Inc. All rights reserved.

AP® and SAT® are trademarks registered by the College Board, which is not affiliated with, and does not endorse this website.


© 2024 Fiveable Inc. All rights reserved.

AP® and SAT® are trademarks registered by the College Board, which is not affiliated with, and does not endorse this website.