2.2 Departure Zones in Africa and the Slave Trade to the United States

The transatlantic slave trade forcibly carried more than 12.5 million Africans to the Americas over roughly 350 years, but only about 5 percent (around 388,000) came directly to what became the United States. Most enslaved people sent to mainland North America came from nine African regions, with Senegambia and Angola together making up nearly half, and their different origins shaped African American languages, music, religion, and community life.

Departure zones are the starting point for Unit 2's story of enslavement and resistance, so expect to link them to later topics on resistance as well as culture creation. Be ready to describe the trade's scale and geographic reach and to identify where in Africa captives were taken from.

Where Enslaved People Came From and Went

• The trade lasted from the early 1500s to the mid-1800s and forced more than 12.5 million Africans to the Americas; before the 1800s, more people came to the Americas from Africa than from any other region.
• Only about 5 percent (roughly 388,000) came directly from Africa to what became the United States; most went to the Caribbean and South America.
• About 48 percent of Africans brought directly to the United States landed in Charleston, South Carolina, the center of U.S. slave trading.
• The top five enslaving nations were Portugal, Great Britain, France, Spain, and the Netherlands.
• Enslaved people sent to mainland North America came mainly from nine regions, with Senegambia and Angola making up nearly half.
• Different ethnic groups (Wolof, Akan, Igbo, Yoruba, and others) blended traditions, and nearly half came from Muslim or Christian regions of Africa.

Scale of the Transatlantic Slave Trade

The transatlantic slave trade forcibly transported more than 12.5 million Africans to the Americas over more than 350 years, from the early 1500s to the mid-1800s. Because of this trade, before the nineteenth century more people arrived in the Americas from Africa than from any other region in the world.

Of those who survived the journey, only about 5 percent (approximately 388,000) were brought directly from Africa to what is now the United States. The majority were taken to the Caribbean and South America. Portugal, Great Britain, France, Spain, and the Netherlands were the top five enslaving nations in this trade.

The Domestic Slave Trade

About 48 percent of all Africans brought directly to the United States arrived through Charleston, South Carolina, making it the center of U.S. slave trading.

Suffering did not end on arrival. Many enslaved people were later sold and moved again through the domestic slave trade inside the United States, a forced internal migration that grew after the federal government banned the importation of enslaved people in 1808. This internal trade continued until the end of the Civil War. (You will study this domestic trade in more detail in a later topic.)

Primary African Slave-Trading Zones

Enslaved Africans transported directly to mainland North America came primarily from locations that correspond to nine contemporary African regions:

Senegambia, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Benin, Nigeria, Angola, and Mozambique.

Captives from Senegambia and Angola together made up nearly half of those taken to mainland North America. Senegambia is in West Africa, and Angola is in West Central Africa. This wide range of origins helped shape the languages, music, food, and religious practices of African American communities, and the spread of different groups across the American South created distinct local Black communities.

African Ethnic Distribution and Cultural Influence

The forced interaction of diverse African ethnic groups produced multiple combinations of African-based cultural practices, languages, and belief systems within African American communities.

Diversity of African Ethnicities

The ancestors of early African Americans in mainland North America came from numerous West and Central African ethnic groups, including the Wolof, Akan, Igbo, and Yoruba. As these groups interacted, their cultures blended into new combinations of traditions, languages, music, and beliefs. These adaptations helped enslaved Africans hold on to a sense of identity.

Nearly half of those who arrived in the United States came from societies in Muslim or Christian regions of Africa. For example, many enslaved Africans from Senegambia were Muslim, while some from the Kingdom of Kongo region were already familiar with Catholicism.

Regional Distribution Patterns

Because different groups landed in different places, the cultural makeup of Black communities varied across the South. The distribution patterns of numerous African ethnic groups created diverse Black communities with distinctive combinations of African-based cultural practices, languages, and beliefs.

One well-known result is the Gullah creole language of the Sea Islands of South Carolina and Georgia, which blends English with several West African languages. African influences also show up across American culture in music, foodways, and spiritual traditions. Treat specific examples like Gullah as illustrations of this blending process rather than the whole list you need to memorize.

Required Sources

Map Showing an Overview of the Slave Trade Out of Africa

This map shows the scale and routes of the transatlantic slave trade, one of the largest forced migrations in history. It connects Africa, Europe, and the Americas and helps you see how the trade fed European colonial economies. Use it to describe the geographic scope of the trade and to support claims about where enslaved people were taken and where they arrived.

Map Showing the Regional Origins of Enslaved People Forcibly Transported to North America

This map shows the specific African regions that enslaved people in North America came from. It pushes back on the idea of a single, uniform African identity by highlighting the many ethnic and cultural backgrounds involved. Use it to explain how varied origins led to different patterns of cultural retention and community formation across the United States.

Using the Two Maps to Support Causation Claims

Using Sources Effectively: When you get one of the two required maps, name what it shows (scale and routes, or regional origins), then connect it to a claim. A strong move is to point out that most enslaved Africans did not go to the United States and that Senegambia and Angola were the largest source regions.

Causation and Continuity: Practice explaining cause and effect: different departure zones meant different ethnic groups, which led to varied cultural blends across the South. You can also trace continuity by linking these origins to later cultural creation, such as creole languages and music traditions.

Common Trap: Do not turn illustrative examples into required facts. Gullah, specific foods, and specific music genres are good examples of cultural blending, but the testable point is that diverse African origins combined into new African American cultures.

Common Misconceptions

• Misconception: Most enslaved Africans came to the United States.
  Actually: Most enslaved Africans did not come to the United States. Only about 5 percent of those transported across the Atlantic came directly to what became the United States; most went to the Caribbean and South America.
• Misconception: Africa was one culture.
  Actually: "Africa" was not one culture. Enslaved people came from many regions and ethnic groups, such as the Wolof, Akan, Igbo, and Yoruba, each with its own languages and traditions.
• Misconception: The 1808 ban ended slavery and the domestic slave trade.
  Actually: The 1808 ban did not end slavery or the slave trade inside the country. After importation was banned, the enslaved population grew mainly through childbirth, and the domestic slave trade continued until the Civil War.
• Misconception: All enslaved Africans practiced only traditional African religions.
  Actually: Not all enslaved Africans practiced only traditional African religions. Nearly half came from Muslim or Christian regions, so Islam and Christianity were already part of many people's backgrounds before arrival.
• Misconception: Charleston's 48 percent figure refers to every enslaved person in the country.
  Actually: Charleston's 48 percent figure refers to Africans brought directly from Africa to the United States, not to every enslaved person in the country.

Related AP African American Studies Guides

• 2.10 Black Pride, Identity, and the Question of Naming
• 2.12 Legacies of the Haitian Revolution
• 2.6 Labor, Culture, and Economy
• 2.9 Creating African American Culture
• 2.13 Resistance and Revolts in the United States
• 2.5 Slave Auctions and the Domestic Slave Trade