Harmonics are frequencies at which standing waves form in a medium, such as an air column, and are integral multiples of the fundamental frequency. These play a crucial role in the sound quality and timbre produced by musical instruments.
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Harmonics are also known as overtones or partials.
The fundamental frequency is considered the first harmonic.
The second harmonic has a frequency that is twice that of the fundamental frequency.
Higher harmonics (third, fourth, etc.) are integer multiples of the fundamental frequency.
In wind instruments, harmonics occur due to resonance in the air columns.