🔬College Biology

The Science of Biology

Themes and Concepts of Biology

Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks

Water

Carbon

Synthesis of Biological Macromolecules

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Proteins

Nucleic Acids

Studying Cells

Prokaryotic Cells

Eukaryotic Cells

The Endomembrane System and Proteins

The Cytoskeleton

Connections between Cells and Cellular Activities

Components and Structure

Passive Transport

Active Transport

Bulk Transport

Energy and Metabolism

Potential, Kinetic, Free, and Activation Energy

The Laws of Thermodynamics

ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate

Enzymes

Energy in Living Systems

Glycolysis

Oxidation of Pyruvate and the Citric Acid Cycle

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Metabolism without Oxygen

Connections of Carbohydrate, Protein, and Lipid Metabolic Pathways

Regulation of Cellular Respiration

Overview of Photosynthesis

The Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis

Using Light Energy to Make Organic Molecules

Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors

Propagation of the Signal

Response to the Signal

Signaling in Single-Celled Organisms

Cell Division

The Cell Cycle

Control of the Cell Cycle

Cancer and the Cell Cycle

Prokaryotic Cell Division

The Process of Meiosis

Sexual Reproduction

Mendel’s Experiments and the Laws of Probability

Characteristics and Traits

Laws of Inheritance

Chromosomal Theory and Genetic Linkage

Chromosomal Basis of Inherited Disorders

Historical Basis of Modern Understanding

DNA Structure and Sequencing

Basics of DNA Replication

DNA Replication in Prokaryotes

DNA Replication in Eukaryotes

DNA Repair

The Genetic Code

Prokaryotic Transcription

Eukaryotic Transcription

RNA Processing in Eukaryotes

Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis

Regulation of Gene Expression

Prokaryotic Gene Regulation

Eukaryotic Epigenetic Gene Regulation

Eukaryotic Transcription Gene Regulation

Eukaryotic Post-transcriptional Gene Regulation

Eukaryotic Translational and Post-translational Gene Regulation

Cancer and Gene Regulation

Biotechnology

Mapping Genomes

Whole-Genome Sequencing

Applying Genomics

Genomics and Proteomics

Understanding Evolution

Formation of New Species

Reconnection and Speciation Rates

Population Evolution

Population Genetics

Adaptive Evolution

Organizing Life on Earth

Determining Evolutionary Relationships

Perspectives on the Phylogenetic Tree

Viral Evolution, Morphology, and Classification

Virus Infections and Hosts

Prevention and Treatment of Viral Infections

Other Acellular Entities: Prions and Viroids

Prokaryotic Diversity

Structure of Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea

Prokaryotic Metabolism

Bacterial Diseases in Humans

Beneficial Prokaryotes

Eukaryotic Origins

Characteristics of Protists

Groups of Protists

Ecology of Protists

Characteristics of Fungi

Classifications of Fungi

Ecology of Fungi

Fungal Parasites and Pathogens

Importance of Fungi in Human Life

Early Plant Life

Green Algae: Precursors of Land Plants

Bryophytes

Seedless Vascular Plants

Evolution of Seed Plants

Gymnosperms

Angiosperms

The Role of Seed Plants

Features of the Animal Kingdom

Features Used to Classify Animals

Animal Phylogeny

The Evolutionary History of the Animal Kingdom

Phylum Porifera

Phylum Cnidaria

Superphylum Lophotrochozoa: Flatworms, Rotifers, and Nemerteans

Superphylum Lophotrochozoa: Molluscs and Annelids

Superphylum Ecdysozoa: Nematodes and Tardigrades

Superphylum Ecdysozoa: Arthropods

Superphylum Deuterostomia

Chordates

Fishes

Amphibians

Reptiles

Birds

Mammals

The Evolution of Primates

The Plant Body

Stems

Roots

Leaves

Transport of Water and Solutes in Plants

Plant Sensory Systems and Responses

Nutritional Requirements of Plants

The Soil

Nutritional Adaptations of Plants

Reproductive Development and Structure

Pollination and Fertilization

Asexual Reproduction

Animal Form and Function

Animal Primary Tissues

Homeostasis

Digestive Systems

Nutrition and Energy Production

Digestive System Processes

Digestive System Regulation

Neurons and Glial Cells

How Neurons Communicate

The Central Nervous System

The Peripheral Nervous System

Nervous System Disorders

Sensory Processes

Somatosensation

Taste and Smell

Hearing and Vestibular Sensation

Vision

Types of Hormones

How Hormones Work

Regulation of Body Processes

Regulation of Hormone Production

Endocrine Glands

Types of Skeletal Systems

Bone

Joints and Skeletal Movement

Muscle Contraction and Locomotion

Systems of Gas Exchange

Gas Exchange across Respiratory Surfaces

Breathing

Transport of Gases in Human Bodily Fluids

Overview of the Circulatory System

Components of the Blood

Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels

Blood Flow and Blood Pressure Regulation

Osmoregulation and Osmotic Balance

The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs

Excretion Systems

Nitrogenous Wastes

Hormonal Control of Osmoregulatory Functions

Innate Immune Response

Adaptive Immune Response

Antibodies

Disruptions in the Immune System

Reproduction Methods

Fertilization

Human Reproductive Anatomy and Gametogenesis

Hormonal Control of Human Reproduction

Human Pregnancy and Birth

Fertilization and Early Embryonic Development

Organogenesis and Vertebrate Formation

The Scope of Ecology

Biogeography

Terrestrial Biomes

Aquatic Biomes

Climate and the Effects of Global Climate Change

Population Demography

Life Histories and Natural Selection

Environmental Limits to Population Growth

Population Dynamics and Regulation

Human Population Growth

Community Ecology

Behavioral Biology: Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior

Ecology of Ecosystems

Energy Flow through Ecosystems

Biogeochemical Cycles

The Biodiversity Crisis

The Importance of Biodiversity to Human Life

Threats to Biodiversity

Preserving Biodiversity