1.1 Context of the Renaissance
1.10 The Commercial Revolution
1.11 Causation in the Renaissance and Age of Discovery
1.2 Italian Renaissance
1.3 Northern Renaissance
1.4 Printing
1.5 New Monarchies from 1450 to 1648
1.6 Age of Exploration
1.7 Colonial Rivals
1.8 Columbian Exchange
1.9 The Slave Trade
2.1 Contextualizing 16th and 17th-Century Challenges and Developments
2.2 Luther and the Protestant Reformation
2.3 Protestant Reform Continues
2.4 Wars of Religion
2.5 The Catholic Reformation
2.6 16th-Century Society & Politics in Europe
2.7 Mannerism and Baroque Art
2.8 Causation in the Age of Reformation and the Wars of Religion
3.1 Context of State Building from 1648-1815
3.2 The English Civil War and the Glorious Revolution
3.3 Continuities and Changes to Economic Practice and Development from 1648-1815
3.4 Economic Development and Mercantilism
3.5 The Dutch Golden Age
3.6 Balance of Power
3.7 Absolutist Approaches to Power
3.8 Comparison in the Age of Absolutism and Constitutionalism
4.1 Contextualizing the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment
4.2 The Scientific Revolution
4.3 The Enlightenment
4.4 18th-Century Society and Demographics
4.5 18th-Century Culture and Arts
4.6 Enlightened and Other Approaches to Power
4.7 Causation in the Age of the Scientific Revolution
5.1 Contextualizing 18th-Century States
5.2 The Rise of Global Markets
5.3 Britain's Ascendency
5.4 The French Revolution
5.5 Effects of the French Revolution
5.6 Napoleon's Rise, Dominance, and Defeat
5.7 The Congress of Vienna
5.8 Romanticism
5.9 Continuity and Change in the 18th-Century States
6.1 Contextualizing Industrialization and Its Origins and Effects
6.10 Causation in the Age of Industrialization
6.2 The Spread of Industry Throughout Europe
6.3 The Second Industrial Revolution
6.4 Social Effects of Industrialization
6.5 The Concert of Europe and European Conservatism
6.6 Revolutions from 1815-1914
6.7 Intellectual Developments from 1815-1914
6.8 19th Century Social Reform Movements
6.9 Institutional Reforms of the 19th Century
7.1 Context of 19th Century Politics
7.2 Nationalism
7.3 National Unification and Diplomatic Tensions
7.4 Darwinism and Social Darwinism
7.5 Science and Intellectual Developments from 1815-1914
7.6 Imperialism
7.7 Effects of Imperialism
7.8 19th-Century Culture and Arts
7.9 Causation in 19th Century Perspectives and Political Developments
8.10 20th-Century Cultural, Intellectual, and Artistic Developments
8.1 Context of 20th Century Global Conflicts
8.11 Continuity and Changes in the Age of Global Conflict
8.2 World War I
8.3 The Russian Revolution and Its Effects
8.4 Versailles Conference and Peace Settlement
8.5 Global Economic Crisis
8.6 Fascism and Totalitarianism
8.7 Europe During the Interwar Period
8.8 World War II
8.9 The Holocaust
9.1 Context of the Cold War and Contemporary Europe
9.10 The European Union
9.11 Migrations within and to Europe Since 1945
9.12 Technological Developments Since 1914
9.13 Globalization
9.14 20th- and 21st-Century Culture, Arts, and Demographic Trends
9.15 MC Answers and Review
9.2 Rebuilding Europe After World War II
9.3 The Cold War
9.4 Two Super Powers Emerge
9.5 Mass Atrocities Since 1945
9.6 Postwar Economic Developments
9.7 The Fall of Communism
9.8 20th-Century Feminism
9.9 Decolonization
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