8.2 Chemotherapeutic Drugs
5 min read•june 18, 2024
are powerful drugs used to fight cancer. They work by targeting rapidly dividing cells, but this also means they can affect healthy cells in the body. Understanding how these drugs work and how to handle them safely is crucial for nurses.
Safe handling and proper administration of are essential skills for oncology nurses. From using personal protective equipment to knowing the various routes of administration, nurses play a key role in ensuring patient safety and maximizing treatment effectiveness.
Safe Handling and Administration of Chemotherapeutic Agents
Safe handling of chemotherapeutic agents
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- Use personal protective equipment () such as gowns, gloves, masks, and eye protection to minimize exposure to chemotherapeutic agents
- Double glove when handling chemotherapeutic agents to provide an extra layer of protection
- Prepare medications in a designated area with proper ventilation, such as a or , to contain any potential spills or aerosols
- Dispose of contaminated materials properly by placing them in leak-proof containers labeled as and following facility protocols for disposal
- Clean up spills immediately using a containing absorbent materials and PPE, notifying appropriate personnel and following facility protocols
- Educate patients and caregivers on safe handling at home, including wearing gloves when handling bodily fluids or contaminated items, washing hands thoroughly after contact, and disposing of contaminated materials as directed by healthcare provider
Methods and routes of chemotherapy administration
- administered at maximum tolerated dose to achieve the greatest cancer cell kill
- given at shorter intervals between treatments to minimize cancer cell regrowth
- involves low-dose, frequent administration to maintain a constant level of drug exposure
- involves initial high-dose treatment to achieve remission by rapidly killing cancer cells
- provides additional treatment to eliminate remaining cancer cells and prevent relapse
- involves long-term, low-dose treatment to prevent relapse by suppressing cancer cell growth
- Intravenous (IV) route administers chemotherapy directly into the bloodstream for systemic distribution
- Oral route involves taking chemotherapy by mouth in pill or liquid form for systemic absorption
- Intramuscular (IM) route injects chemotherapy into muscle tissue for gradual absorption into the bloodstream
- Subcutaneous (SC) route injects chemotherapy into the fatty tissue beneath the skin for gradual absorption
- route administers chemotherapy directly into the cerebrospinal fluid to treat central nervous system cancers
- Topical route applies chemotherapy to the skin as a cream or ointment for localized treatment (skin cancers)
Chemotherapeutic Agents and Nursing Considerations
Side effects of chemotherapeutic drugs
- decreases production of blood cells, leading to , , and
- Gastrointestinal effects include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and due to damage to rapidly dividing cells
- Hair loss () occurs due to damage to hair follicles, which are rapidly dividing cells
- Fatigue results from the body's response to chemotherapy and the increased energy demands of fighting cancer
- Skin changes such as dryness, rash, and hyperpigmentation can occur due to chemotherapy's effects on skin cells
- causes numbness, tingling, and pain in the hands and feet due to nerve damage
- Cognitive changes ("") involve difficulties with memory, concentration, and multitasking
- Fertility issues may arise due to damage to reproductive cells, potentially leading to temporary or permanent infertility
- can develop years after chemotherapy treatment due to DNA damage and mutations
Classes of chemotherapeutic agents
- (, ) damage DNA by adding alkyl groups, preventing cell division
- (, ) interfere with DNA and RNA synthesis by mimicking normal metabolites
- (, ) disrupt microtubule function, inhibiting cell division and leading to apoptosis
- (, ) interfere with DNA replication and transcription by various mechanisms
- (, ) prevent DNA unwinding and replication by inhibiting topoisomerase enzymes
- (, ) block specific molecules involved in cancer cell growth and survival pathways
Nursing considerations for chemotherapy
- Assess patient's understanding of treatment and potential side effects to ensure informed consent and compliance
- Verify correct drug, dose, route, and patient identity to prevent medication errors and ensure patient safety
- Monitor for infusion reactions and adverse effects to promptly identify and manage complications
- Manage side effects by administering for nausea and vomiting, providing oral care for mucositis, and encouraging rest and nutrition to combat fatigue
- Educate patients on self-care measures and when to seek medical attention to promote self-management and early intervention
- Maintain strict infection control practices to protect patients from opportunistic infections
- Document administration and patient response to ensure accurate records and facilitate continuity of care
Patient education for chemotherapy
- Explain the purpose, schedule, and potential side effects of treatment to help patients understand and prepare for their chemotherapy regimen
- Teach patients how to manage common side effects through dietary modifications for gastrointestinal issues, proper oral hygiene to prevent mucositis, and strategies for coping with fatigue and cognitive changes
- Emphasize the importance of infection prevention by encouraging frequent hand hygiene, avoiding crowds, and staying up-to-date on vaccinations
- Discuss fertility preservation options, if applicable, to help patients make informed decisions about their reproductive health
- Provide resources for emotional support and coping to address the psychological impact of cancer and its treatment
- Encourage open communication with the healthcare team to foster a supportive and collaborative relationship
- Schedule regular follow-up appointments for monitoring and support to ensure ongoing assessment and management of the patient's condition
Mechanisms of chemotherapeutic agents
- Indications for chemotherapeutic agents are specific to each drug and cancer type, considering factors such as stage, grade, and patient characteristics
- Mechanisms of action vary by class and target specific cellular processes to inhibit cancer cell growth and survival
- directly damage DNA
- Antimetabolites interfere with DNA and RNA synthesis
- disrupt mitotic spindle formation
- Antitumor antibiotics intercalate with DNA and generate free radicals
- Topoisomerase inhibitors prevent DNA replication and transcription
- Targeted therapies block specific signaling pathways
- Potential drug interactions can occur with inhibitors or inducers altering drug metabolism, increased risk of toxicity when combined with other myelosuppressive agents, and enhanced or reduced efficacy when combined with certain targeted therapies
- Consult drug references and pharmacists for specific interaction information to ensure safe and effective use of chemotherapeutic agents
Chemotherapy and the Cell Cycle
- : The process by which cells divide and replicate, consisting of various phases targeted by different chemotherapeutic agents
- : The ability of chemotherapeutic drugs to kill cancer cells, often by disrupting the cell cycle or inducing apoptosis
- : The ability of cancer cells to develop mechanisms to survive chemotherapy, often through genetic mutations or altered cellular pathways
- : The study of how the body processes chemotherapeutic drugs, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion
- : Substances produced by cancer cells or the body in response to cancer, used to monitor treatment response and disease progression
- : Chemotherapy given after primary treatment (such as surgery) to reduce the risk of cancer recurrence
- : Chemotherapy administered before primary treatment to shrink tumors and improve surgical outcomes
Key Terms to Review (153)
5-Fluorouracil: 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is an antimetabolite chemotherapeutic drug used to treat various cancers, including colorectal, breast, and head and neck cancers. It works by inhibiting thymidylate synthase, which disrupts DNA synthesis in rapidly dividing cancer cells.
5-fluorouracil: 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is a chemotherapeutic drug used in the treatment of various types of cancer. It is a pyrimidine analog that interferes with the synthesis of DNA and RNA, leading to cell death in rapidly dividing cancer cells.
Adjuvant therapy: Adjuvant therapy is additional treatment given after the primary treatment to lower the risk of the cancer returning. It often involves chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormone therapy, or targeted therapy.
Adjuvant Therapy: Adjuvant therapy refers to additional treatment given after the primary treatment for a disease, such as cancer, to enhance the effectiveness of the primary treatment and reduce the risk of recurrence or metastasis. It is commonly used in conjunction with other cancer therapies like chemotherapy, radiation, or surgery.
Adriamycin: Adriamycin, also known as doxorubicin, is an anthracycline antibiotic used as a chemotherapeutic agent. It works by intercalating DNA strands, thereby inhibiting the replication of cancer cells.
Alimta: Alimta, also known as Pemetrexed, is a chemotherapy drug used primarily to treat malignant pleural mesothelioma and non-small cell lung cancer. It works by inhibiting enzymes needed for DNA synthesis and cell replication.
Alkyl Sulfonates: Alkyl sulfonates are a class of chemotherapeutic agents that alkylate DNA, leading to the disruption of cancer cell replication. They are commonly used in the treatment of various cancers due to their ability to inhibit tumor growth.
Alkylating agents: Alkylating agents are a class of chemotherapeutic drugs that work by adding an alkyl group to the DNA, causing DNA damage and preventing cancer cells from proliferating. They are commonly used in the treatment of various types of cancer.
Alkylating Agents: Alkylating agents are a class of chemotherapeutic drugs that work by directly damaging the DNA of rapidly dividing cancer cells. They achieve this by adding alkyl groups to the DNA, which disrupts the normal functioning and replication of the cells, leading to their death.
Alkylating-Like Drugs: Alkylating-like drugs are chemotherapeutic agents that damage DNA by forming covalent bonds with DNA strands, leading to cell death. They act similarly to alkylating agents but do not directly add alkyl groups.
Allegra: Allegra, also known by its generic name fexofenadine, is a second-generation antihistamine used to treat symptoms of allergic rhinitis and chronic idiopathic urticaria (hives). It works by blocking the action of histamine, a substance in the body that causes allergic symptoms.
Alopecia: Alopecia is a medical condition characterized by the loss of hair from the scalp or other parts of the body. It can result from various factors including genetics, medical treatments, and underlying health conditions.
Alopecia: Alopecia is a medical term that refers to partial or complete hair loss. It can occur on the scalp or any other part of the body and can have various underlying causes, including certain medical conditions, treatments, and genetic factors.
Anemia: Anemia is a condition characterized by a decrease in the number or quality of red blood cells, leading to a reduced ability to transport oxygen throughout the body. This can have significant implications in various medical contexts, including intravenous fluid therapy, total parenteral nutrition, blood products, immunosuppressants, chemotherapeutic drugs, biologic response modifiers, and oxygenation and gas exchange.
Antibiotic drug resistance: Antibiotic drug resistance occurs when bacteria develop the ability to defeat the drugs designed to kill them. This makes infections harder to treat and increases the risk of disease spread, severe illness, and death.
Antiemetics: Antiemetics are medications that help prevent or treat nausea and vomiting. They are commonly used in the context of chemotherapeutic drugs to manage the side effects associated with cancer treatment.
Antimetabolites: Antimetabolites are a class of drugs that interfere with normal metabolic processes by structurally resembling natural metabolites or substrates, thereby disrupting essential cellular functions. These drugs are primarily used in the treatment of cancer, viral infections, and other conditions where rapid cell division is a key factor.
Antitumor Antibiotics: Antitumor antibiotics are a class of chemotherapeutic drugs that target and disrupt the growth and proliferation of cancer cells. These antibiotics, derived from natural sources or synthetic compounds, interfere with essential cellular processes in tumor cells, leading to their destruction or inhibition of further growth.
Ara-C: Ara-C, also known as cytarabine, is a chemotherapy agent primarily used to treat certain leukemias and lymphomas. It works by inhibiting DNA synthesis in rapidly dividing cancer cells.
BCNU: BCNU, also known as Carmustine, is a chemotherapy drug used to treat certain types of brain tumors and lymphomas. It works by interfering with the DNA replication of cancer cells, ultimately leading to cell death.
Benadryl: Benadryl is a brand name for diphenhydramine, an antihistamine commonly used to treat allergic reactions and symptoms of the common cold. It works by blocking histamine receptors in the body, reducing allergy symptoms such as itching, sneezing, and runny nose.
Biologic therapy: Biologic therapy involves the use of living organisms, substances derived from living organisms, or synthetic versions to treat diseases. It aims to boost or restore the body's natural defenses against cancer.
Biological Safety Cabinet: A biological safety cabinet is an enclosed workspace designed to provide protection from exposure to biological hazards. It is a critical piece of equipment used in laboratories, pharmacies, and healthcare settings to safely handle and manipulate potentially infectious materials, such as chemotherapeutic drugs.
Blenoxane: Blenoxane, also known as bleomycin, is an antineoplastic antibiotic used in the treatment of various cancers. It works by causing breaks in DNA strands, inhibiting cancer cell replication.
Bleomycin: Bleomycin is a chemotherapeutic drug used to treat various types of cancer, including lymphoma, testicular cancer, and squamous cell carcinomas. It is an antineoplastic agent that works by inducing DNA damage, leading to cell death in rapidly dividing cancer cells.
Busulfan: Busulfan is an alkylating agent used in chemotherapy to treat chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) and as a conditioning regimen prior to bone marrow transplantation. It works by interfering with the DNA replication process in cancer cells, leading to cell death.
Busulfex: Busulfex is the brand name for busulfan, a chemotherapy drug used primarily in bone marrow transplantation. It works by inhibiting DNA replication and RNA transcription, leading to cell death.
Capecitabine: Capecitabine is an oral chemotherapeutic agent used to treat various cancers, including colorectal and breast cancer. It is a prodrug that is metabolized into 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in the body, which inhibits DNA synthesis in cancer cells.
Carboplatin: Carboplatin is a chemotherapy drug used to treat various types of cancer by interfering with the DNA replication process in cancer cells. It is a platinum-containing compound that causes cell death in rapidly dividing cells.
Carmustine: Carmustine is a chemotherapeutic alkylating agent used primarily to treat brain tumors, multiple myeloma, and Hodgkin's lymphoma. It works by interfering with the DNA replication process in cancer cells.
CCNU: CCNU, also known as Lomustine, is an alkylating agent used in chemotherapy. It is primarily used to treat brain tumors and Hodgkin's lymphoma.
Cell Cycle: The cell cycle is the series of events that a cell undergoes, from its initial formation to its division into two or more daughter cells. This cyclical process is fundamental to the growth, development, and maintenance of all living organisms.
Cell-cycle nonspecific (CCNS): Cell-cycle nonspecific (CCNS) drugs are chemotherapeutic agents effective at any phase of the cell cycle. They can target both dividing and resting cancer cells.
Cell-cycle specific agents (CCS): Cell-cycle specific agents (CCS) are chemotherapeutic drugs that target and act on specific phases of the cell cycle. These agents are most effective when cells are actively dividing.
Cerubidine: Cerubidine, also known as daunorubicin, is an anthracycline antibiotic used in chemotherapy for the treatment of leukemia. It works by intercalating DNA strands, thereby inhibiting the replication of cancer cells.
Chemo Brain: Chemo brain, also known as cancer-related cognitive impairment, refers to the cognitive difficulties and mental fogginess that some cancer patients experience during and after chemotherapy treatment. This condition can affect a person's ability to think clearly, remember information, and concentrate on tasks.
Chemotherapeutic Agents: Chemotherapeutic agents are a class of medications used in the treatment of cancer. They work by targeting and disrupting the rapid cell division that is characteristic of cancer cells, ultimately leading to their destruction. These drugs play a crucial role in the management of various types of malignancies.
Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy is a type of cancer treatment that uses drugs to destroy cancer cells. It works by stopping or slowing the growth of cancer cells, which grow and divide quickly.
Chemotherapy administration: Chemotherapy administration involves the delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs to treat cancer by targeting and killing rapidly dividing cells. It can be administered orally, intravenously, or through other routes depending on the type of cancer and drug used.
Chlorambucil: Chlorambucil is an oral alkylating agent used primarily to treat certain types of cancer, including chronic lymphocytic leukemia and lymphomas. It works by interfering with DNA replication, thus inhibiting the growth of cancer cells.
Colony Stimulating Factors: Colony Stimulating Factors (CSFs) are a group of substances that stimulate the production of blood cells and enhance their ability to function. They are commonly used to mitigate the side effects of chemotherapy by promoting bone marrow recovery.
Consolidation Phase: The consolidation phase is a crucial step in the process of chemotherapeutic drug action, where the therapeutic agent continues to exert its effects on cancer cells after the initial cytotoxic or cytostatic phase. This phase is characterized by the stabilization and reinforcement of the drug's impact, leading to the destruction or inhibition of the targeted malignant cells.
Conventional Chemotherapy: Conventional chemotherapy refers to the use of cytotoxic drugs that target rapidly dividing cells, including both cancerous and healthy cells, in an effort to eliminate or slow the progression of cancer. These drugs work by interfering with the cell division process, leading to cell death.
Cyclophosphamide: Cyclophosphamide is a chemotherapeutic drug used to treat a variety of cancers and autoimmune disorders. It is an alkylating agent that interferes with DNA replication, leading to cell death, particularly in rapidly dividing cells.
Cytarabine: Cytarabine is a chemotherapeutic agent used primarily to treat hematological malignancies like leukemia. It works by inhibiting DNA synthesis in rapidly dividing cancer cells.
Cytochrome P450: Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) is a large family of enzymes found primarily in the liver that play a crucial role in the metabolism and biotransformation of a wide range of endogenous and exogenous compounds, including drugs, toxins, and other xenobiotics. These enzymes are responsible for the oxidative metabolism of many medications, making them a key factor in pharmacokinetics and drug interactions.
Cytochrome P450 2D6: Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) is an enzyme that metabolizes approximately 25% of commonly prescribed drugs, including many opioid agonists and antagonists. Its activity can vary widely among individuals due to genetic polymorphisms.
Cytotoxicity: Cytotoxicity refers to the ability of a substance or agent to damage or destroy living cells. In the context of chemotherapeutic drugs, cytotoxicity is a crucial mechanism of action, as these drugs target and kill rapidly dividing cancer cells while minimizing harm to healthy cells.
Cytoxan: Cytoxan, also known as cyclophosphamide, is a chemotherapeutic drug used to treat various types of cancer. It works by interfering with the growth and replication of cancer cells.
Dactinomycin: Dactinomycin is an antineoplastic antibiotic used in cancer therapy. It inhibits RNA synthesis, leading to cell death.
Daunorubicin: Daunorubicin is an anthracycline antibiotic used as a chemotherapeutic agent to treat certain types of cancer. It works by intercalating DNA and inhibiting topoisomerase II, leading to cell death.
Decadron: Decadron is a brand name for dexamethasone, a potent glucocorticoid used to reduce inflammation and suppress the immune system. It is commonly used in treating various conditions, including autoimmune diseases, cancer, and adrenal insufficiency.
Diphenhydramine: Diphenhydramine is an antihistamine commonly used to relieve symptoms of allergy, hay fever, and the common cold. It also has sedative properties and is sometimes used as a sleep aid.
Docetaxel: Docetaxel is a chemotherapy medication used to treat various cancers by inhibiting cell division. It belongs to the taxane class of drugs and is administered intravenously.
Dose-Dense Chemotherapy: Dose-dense chemotherapy is a treatment approach in which chemotherapeutic drugs are administered more frequently than the standard regimen, with the goal of improving the efficacy of the treatment by maintaining higher drug concentrations in the body. This strategy aims to target rapidly dividing cancer cells more effectively and potentially enhance the overall antitumor activity of the chemotherapeutic agents.
Doxil: Doxil is a liposomal formulation of the chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin. It is designed to enhance drug delivery to cancer cells while reducing toxicity to healthy tissues.
Doxorubicin: Doxorubicin is a potent chemotherapeutic drug used to treat a variety of cancers. It is an anthracycline antibiotic that works by interfering with the DNA replication process, leading to cell death in rapidly dividing cancer cells.
Drug Resistance: Drug resistance refers to the ability of a pathogen, such as a virus, bacteria, parasite, or cancer cell, to withstand the effects of a drug or medication that is designed to kill or inhibit its growth. This phenomenon can significantly impact the effectiveness of various treatments, including those for HIV/AIDS, sexually transmitted infections, parasitic infections, and cancer.
Ellence: Ellence, also known as epirubicin, is an anthracycline antibiotic used as a chemotherapeutic agent. It works by inhibiting DNA synthesis in cancer cells.
Eloxatin: Eloxatin is a brand name for oxaliplatin, a platinum-based chemotherapeutic agent used to treat colorectal cancer. It works by inhibiting DNA synthesis in cancer cells, leading to cell death.
Epirubicin: Epirubicin is an anthracycline drug used in cancer chemotherapy. It works by inhibiting DNA synthesis and inducing apoptosis in rapidly dividing cancer cells.
Epoetin alfa: Epoetin alfa is a synthetic form of erythropoietin, a hormone that stimulates red blood cell production. It is used to treat anemia, especially in patients undergoing chemotherapy.
Epogen: Epogen is a brand name for epoetin alfa, a synthetic form of erythropoietin used to stimulate red blood cell production. It is commonly administered to patients with anemia, particularly those undergoing chemotherapy.
Erythrocytes: Erythrocytes, also known as red blood cells, are responsible for transporting oxygen from the lungs to tissues and returning carbon dioxide back to the lungs. They contain hemoglobin, a protein that binds oxygen and gives blood its red color.
Erythrocytopenia: Erythrocytopenia is a medical condition characterized by an abnormally low number of red blood cells (erythrocytes) in the blood. It can result from various causes including bone marrow suppression due to chemotherapeutic drugs.
Etoposide: Etoposide is a chemotherapeutic drug used in the treatment of various types of cancer. It works by inhibiting the enzyme topoisomerase II, which is essential for DNA replication and cell division, ultimately leading to cell death in rapidly dividing cancer cells.
Extravasate: Extravasate means the leakage of a fluid, such as blood or a drug, from a vessel into surrounding tissues. In pharmacology, it often refers to the unintended escape of chemotherapeutic drugs from veins into nearby tissue during intravenous administration.
Extravasation: Extravasation refers to the unintentional leakage or escape of a substance, such as a medication or intravenous (IV) fluid, from the intended blood vessel or administration site into the surrounding tissue. This can occur during various drug administration routes, chemotherapeutic drug infusions, and the administration of certain cardiac emergency or shock drugs.
Febrile neutropenia: Febrile neutropenia is a serious medical condition characterized by fever and a significant reduction in neutrophil count, often occurring in patients undergoing chemotherapy. It requires prompt medical attention due to the high risk of infection.
Fibrosis: Fibrosis is the formation of excess fibrous connective tissue in an organ or tissue, often as a reparative response to injury or damage. It can lead to the hardening and scarring of tissues, impairing their normal function.
Filgrastim: Filgrastim is a recombinant granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) used to stimulate the production of white blood cells. It is commonly administered to reduce the risk of infection in patients undergoing chemotherapy.
Fludara: Fludara, also known as fludarabine, is a chemotherapeutic agent used to treat certain types of blood cancers, including chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). It works by inhibiting DNA synthesis in cancer cells, leading to cell death.
Fludarabine: Fludarabine is a chemotherapy drug used primarily to treat chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). It interferes with the growth of cancer cells, leading to their destruction.
Folate Antimetabolites: Folate antimetabolites are a class of chemotherapeutic drugs that inhibit the use of folate, essential for DNA synthesis and cell division. By disrupting folate metabolism, these drugs hinder cancer cell growth.
Gemcitabine: Gemcitabine is a nucleoside analog used as chemotherapy. It inhibits DNA synthesis, causing cell death in rapidly dividing cancer cells.
Gemzar: Gemzar, also known as gemcitabine, is a nucleoside analog used as an antineoplastic (chemotherapy) agent. It interferes with DNA synthesis, inhibiting the growth of cancer cells.
Granulocytes: Granulocytes are a type of white blood cell characterized by the presence of granules in their cytoplasm. They play an essential role in the immune response and include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.
Granulocytopenia: Granulocytopenia is a condition characterized by an abnormally low number of granulocytes, a type of white blood cell important for fighting infections. It is often a side effect of chemotherapeutic drugs used in cancer treatment.
Hazardous Waste: Hazardous waste refers to any waste material that is dangerous or potentially harmful to human health or the environment. This term is particularly relevant in the context of chemotherapeutic drugs, as these potent medications can pose significant risks if not handled and disposed of properly.
Hemorrhagic cystitis: Hemorrhagic cystitis is a condition characterized by inflammation and bleeding of the bladder lining. It can be induced by certain chemotherapeutic drugs, particularly those metabolized into irritating compounds.
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT): Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is a serious immune-mediated adverse reaction to heparin therapy characterized by a significant reduction in platelet count. This condition can lead to a paradoxical increase in the risk of thrombosis despite low platelet levels.
Ifosfamide: Ifosfamide is a chemotherapeutic agent used in the treatment of various types of cancer. It is an alkylating agent that interferes with DNA replication, leading to cell death in rapidly dividing cancer cells.
Imatinib: Imatinib is a targeted cancer medication that inhibits specific tyrosine kinase enzymes, disrupting the growth and division of cancer cells. It is primarily used in the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia and certain gastrointestinal stromal tumors.
Immunocompromised: Immunocompromised refers to a weakened or impaired immune system that is unable to effectively fight off infections and diseases. This condition can make individuals more susceptible to developing severe or life-threatening illnesses, especially in the context of chemotherapeutic drug use.
Induction Phase: The induction phase refers to the initial stage of a treatment or process, where the goal is to establish the desired effect or response. In the context of chemotherapeutic drugs, the induction phase is the initial period of treatment aimed at achieving a specific therapeutic outcome, such as inducing remission or reducing the burden of disease.
Intrathecal: Intrathecal refers to the administration of a medication or substance directly into the subarachnoid space, which is the fluid-filled space surrounding the spinal cord. This method of delivery allows the drug to act directly on the central nervous system, often used for the treatment of conditions affecting the brain, spinal cord, or cerebrospinal fluid.
Irinotecan: Irinotecan is a chemotherapeutic drug used in the treatment of various types of cancer, including colorectal, lung, and ovarian cancer. It works by inhibiting the enzyme topoisomerase I, which is essential for DNA replication and transcription, leading to cell death in rapidly dividing cancer cells.
Isolator: An isolator is a controlled, enclosed environment used in the pharmaceutical industry to maintain sterility and prevent contamination during the handling and processing of sensitive materials, such as chemotherapeutic drugs. It creates a physical barrier between the operator and the drug product, ensuring a high level of protection and safety.
Leukocytes: Leukocytes, also known as white blood cells, are cells of the immune system that protect the body against both infectious disease and foreign invaders. They play a critical role in the body's response to cancer and chemotherapeutic drugs.
Leukopenia: Leukopenia is a condition characterized by a reduced number of white blood cells (WBCs) in the blood, making the body more susceptible to infections. It is a common side effect of chemotherapeutic drugs used in cancer therapy.
Lomustine: Lomustine is an alkylating agent used in chemotherapy to treat various types of cancer, including brain tumors. It works by interfering with DNA replication and RNA transcription, leading to cell death.
Loratadine: Loratadine is a second-generation antihistamine used to relieve symptoms of allergy such as runny nose, sneezing, and itching. It has fewer sedative effects compared to first-generation antihistamines.
Lukeran: Lukeran is a chemotherapy drug that contains chlorambucil, an alkylating agent used to treat certain types of cancer. It disrupts DNA replication in cancer cells, inhibiting their growth and division.
Maintenance Phase: The maintenance phase is a critical component of chemotherapeutic drug regimens, where the goal is to sustain the achieved therapeutic effect and prevent disease relapse. This phase focuses on maintaining a stable and controlled level of the drug in the body to ensure continuous suppression of the target disease or condition.
Mercaptopurine: Mercaptopurine is a chemotherapy drug used to treat certain types of cancer by interfering with DNA and RNA synthesis. It is primarily utilized in treating acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).
Mesna: Mesna is a medication used to protect the bladder lining from the harmful effects of certain chemotherapy drugs, particularly ifosfamide and cyclophosphamide. It acts as a detoxifying agent by neutralizing toxic metabolites.
Methotrexate: Methotrexate is a chemotherapeutic and immunosuppressive drug used to treat various conditions, including cancer, autoimmune disorders, and inflammatory diseases. It works by inhibiting the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, which is essential for the synthesis of DNA and cell division, thereby disrupting the growth and proliferation of rapidly dividing cells.
Metronomic Chemotherapy: Metronomic chemotherapy is a treatment approach that involves the frequent, low-dose administration of chemotherapeutic drugs, often on a continuous or near-continuous schedule, without prolonged drug-free breaks. This method aims to target the tumor vasculature and inhibit angiogenesis, the process of new blood vessel formation, rather than directly killing cancer cells.
Mitomycin: Mitomycin is an antineoplastic antibiotic used to treat various types of cancer by inhibiting DNA synthesis. It is commonly administered intravenously in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents.
Mucositis: Mucositis is a common side effect of certain chemotherapeutic drugs and radiation therapy, characterized by inflammation and ulceration of the mucosal lining of the digestive tract. It can significantly impact a patient's quality of life and treatment outcomes.
Mutamycin: Mutamycin, also known as mitomycin, is an antineoplastic antibiotic used in chemotherapy to inhibit DNA synthesis in cancer cells. It is primarily utilized for treating various types of cancers such as stomach and pancreatic cancer.
Myelosuppression: Myelosuppression is a common side effect of chemotherapeutic drugs that involves the inhibition or reduction of bone marrow function, leading to a decrease in the production of various blood cell types, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
Nadir: Nadir is the point at which blood cell counts are at their lowest after chemotherapy. This typically occurs 7-14 days following treatment and indicates a period of increased vulnerability to infection.
Neoadjuvant therapy: Neoadjuvant therapy is a preoperative treatment designed to shrink tumors before the main treatment, usually surgery. It aims to improve surgical outcomes and increase the chances of complete tumor removal.
Neoadjuvant Therapy: Neoadjuvant therapy refers to the administration of treatment, typically chemotherapy or radiation, before the primary or main treatment for a disease. It is commonly used in the context of cancer therapy to shrink a tumor prior to surgery or other definitive treatment.
Neulasta: Neulasta (pegfilgrastim) is a long-acting granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) used to stimulate the production of white blood cells. It is commonly administered to patients undergoing chemotherapy to reduce the risk of infection due to neutropenia.
Neupogen: Neupogen is a brand name for filgrastim, a medication used to stimulate the production of white blood cells. It is commonly administered to patients undergoing chemotherapy to reduce the risk of infection.
Neutropenia: Neutropenia is a condition characterized by an abnormally low number of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the body's immune response. This reduction in neutrophil count can increase an individual's susceptibility to infections, making it an important consideration in the context of cancer and its treatments.
Nitrogen Mustards: Nitrogen mustards are a class of chemotherapeutic agents that work by alkylating DNA, leading to cell death. They are primarily used in the treatment of various cancers.
Nitrosoureas: Nitrosoureas are a class of chemotherapeutic agents known for their ability to cross the blood-brain barrier. They work by alkylating DNA and RNA, which disrupts cancer cell function and replication.
Oncology Nursing Society: The Oncology Nursing Society (ONS) is a professional organization dedicated to advancing oncology nursing and promoting excellence in cancer care. It supports nurses through education, research, and advocacy.
Oncovin: Oncovin, also known as vincristine, is a chemotherapy medication used to treat various types of cancer. It works by inhibiting the growth of cancer cells by interfering with their ability to divide.
Other Anthracyclines: Other Anthracyclines are a class of chemotherapeutic drugs that interfere with DNA replication in cancer cells. They are used to treat various types of cancers by disrupting cell division.
Oxaliplatin: Oxaliplatin is a platinum-based chemotherapeutic drug used primarily to treat colorectal cancer. It works by forming cross-links in DNA, which inhibit DNA replication and transcription, leading to cell death.
Paclitaxel: Paclitaxel is a chemotherapeutic drug used in the treatment of various types of cancer. It is a member of the taxane class of drugs, which work by disrupting the normal function of microtubules, essential components of cell division, leading to cell death in rapidly dividing cancer cells.
Pancytopenia: Pancytopenia is a medical condition characterized by the reduction of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It can occur due to bone marrow suppression, often a side effect of chemotherapeutic drugs.
Paraplatin: Paraplatin, also known as Carboplatin, is a platinum-based chemotherapeutic drug used to treat various types of cancer. It works by interfering with the DNA in cancer cells, preventing them from dividing and growing.
Pegfilgrastim: Pegfilgrastim is a long-acting form of filgrastim, a granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) that stimulates the production of neutrophils. It is used to decrease the incidence of infection in patients undergoing chemotherapy.
Pemetrexed: Pemetrexed is a chemotherapeutic agent used to treat certain types of cancer, including non-small cell lung cancer and mesothelioma. It works by inhibiting enzymes involved in the synthesis of DNA and RNA, thereby preventing cancer cell growth.
Peripheral Neuropathy: Peripheral neuropathy refers to a condition where the peripheral nerves, which connect the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) to the rest of the body, become damaged or dysfunctional. This can lead to a variety of symptoms and complications, which are particularly relevant in the context of tuberculosis treatment and chemotherapeutic drugs.
Pharmacokinetics: Pharmacokinetics is the study of how the body affects a drug, including the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination. It examines the movement of drugs within the body and how these processes impact the drug's concentration and duration of action.
Plant alkaloids: Plant alkaloids are naturally occurring chemical compounds that contain basic nitrogen atoms, primarily derived from plants. They are often used in cancer therapy due to their ability to interfere with cell division.
Plant Alkaloids: Plant alkaloids are a diverse group of naturally occurring organic compounds found in various plant species. They are characterized by the presence of at least one nitrogen atom in a heterocyclic ring structure and are known for their pharmacological and toxicological properties, making them an important class of compounds in the context of chemotherapeutic drugs.
PPE: PPE, or personal protective equipment, refers to the specialized clothing, equipment, and devices used to protect individuals from exposure to hazardous materials or infectious agents. It is an essential component in ensuring the safety and well-being of healthcare professionals and other workers who may encounter potentially harmful substances or environments.
Pulmonary toxicity: Pulmonary toxicity refers to damage or adverse effects on the lungs caused by certain chemotherapeutic drugs. It can manifest as inflammation, fibrosis, or impaired lung function.
Purine Antimetabolites: Purine antimetabolites are chemotherapeutic agents that interfere with the synthesis of purine nucleotides, crucial components of DNA and RNA. They are used to treat various types of cancer by inhibiting cell division and growth.
Purixan: Purixan is an oral chemotherapy drug containing mercaptopurine, primarily used to treat acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). It works by inhibiting the synthesis of DNA and RNA, thus preventing cancer cell growth.
Pyrimidine Antimetabolites: Pyrimidine antimetabolites are chemotherapeutic agents that interfere with pyrimidine synthesis, essential for DNA and RNA production. They act by mimicking the structure of natural pyrimidines and inhibiting key enzymes involved in nucleotide synthesis.
Salvage therapy: Salvage therapy is a form of treatment given after the standard therapy has failed to eliminate cancer. It often involves more aggressive measures, including higher doses or different drugs.
Secondary cancers: Secondary cancers are new, distinct types of cancer that occur in patients as a result of the treatment for primary cancer. They can be caused by chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or other factors related to the initial cancer treatment.
Secondary Malignancies: Secondary malignancies refer to new cancers that develop as a result of previous cancer treatment, such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy. These cancers are distinct from the original cancer and can occur years after the initial treatment.
The development of secondary malignancies is a concerning potential complication of effective cancer treatment, as it can lead to additional health challenges for survivors. Understanding the risk factors and mechanisms behind secondary malignancies is crucial for healthcare providers to optimize patient care and minimize this adverse outcome.
Spill Kit: A spill kit is a collection of materials and equipment designed to contain and clean up hazardous material spills, such as those that may occur during the handling or administration of chemotherapeutic drugs. These kits are essential in ensuring the safe management of chemical accidents and minimizing the risk of exposure for healthcare workers and patients.
Tabloid: A tabloid is a small, compressed form of print media that often focuses on sensational news and entertainment rather than in-depth reporting. It typically features bold headlines, short articles, and numerous photographs.
Targeted Therapies: Targeted therapies are a type of cancer treatment that use drugs or other substances to identify and attack specific cancer cells, with minimal harm to normal cells. These therapies focus on molecular and genetic changes in cells that contribute to cancer growth and progression.
Targeted therapy: Targeted therapy is a type of cancer treatment that uses drugs designed to specifically identify and attack cancer cells without harming normal cells. It focuses on the molecular and cellular changes specific to cancer.
Taxanes: Taxanes are a class of chemotherapeutic drugs that stabilize microtubules, preventing their disassembly and thereby inhibiting cell division. They are commonly used in the treatment of various cancers, including breast and ovarian cancer.
Taxol: Taxol, also known as paclitaxel, is a chemotherapeutic drug used to treat various cancers by inhibiting cell division. It stabilizes microtubules and prevents them from breaking down, which is essential for cell replication.
Taxotere: Taxotere, also known as Docetaxel, is a chemotherapeutic drug used to treat various cancers, including breast, lung, and prostate cancer. It works by inhibiting cell division and promoting apoptosis in cancer cells.
Thioguanine: Thioguanine is an antimetabolite chemotherapeutic drug used primarily to treat certain types of leukemia. It interferes with DNA synthesis, thereby inhibiting the proliferation of cancer cells.
Thrombocytes: Thrombocytes, also known as platelets, are small cell fragments in the blood that are essential for blood clotting and wound healing. They play a crucial role in preventing excessive bleeding by forming clots at injury sites.
Thrombocytopenia: Thrombocytopenia is a condition characterized by a low platelet count in the blood, which can lead to an increased risk of bleeding and bruising. This term is particularly relevant in the context of intravenous fluid therapy, total parenteral nutrition, blood products, immunosuppressants, chemotherapeutic drugs, and antiplatelet medications, as these treatments and therapies can directly impact platelet levels and function.
Topoisomerase Inhibitors: Topoisomerase inhibitors are a class of chemotherapeutic drugs that target and disrupt the function of topoisomerase enzymes, which are essential for DNA replication and transcription. By inhibiting these critical enzymes, topoisomerase inhibitors prevent cancer cells from properly dividing and ultimately lead to their death.
Trastuzumab: Trastuzumab is a monoclonal antibody used in the treatment of certain types of breast cancer and gastric cancer. It specifically targets the HER2 protein, which is overexpressed in some cancer cells, and helps to slow or stop the growth of these cancerous cells.
Trexall: Trexall is a brand name for methotrexate, a medication used to treat certain cancers and autoimmune diseases. It works by inhibiting the growth of rapidly dividing cells and suppressing the immune system.
Tumor Markers: Tumor markers are substances that are produced by cancer cells or by other cells of the body in response to cancer or certain benign (noncancerous) conditions. They can be detected in the blood, urine, or other body fluids, and their presence or increased levels may indicate the presence of cancer or provide information about the cancer's behavior and response to treatment.
Velban: Velban, also known as vinblastine, is a chemotherapeutic drug used to treat various types of cancer by inhibiting cell division. It belongs to the class of drugs known as vinca alkaloids.
Vepesid: Vepesid (etoposide) is a chemotherapeutic agent used primarily to treat various types of cancer, including lung cancer and testicular cancer. It works by inhibiting the enzyme topoisomerase II, which is essential for DNA replication and cell division.
Vesicant: A vesicant is a chemical agent that causes severe blistering and tissue damage upon contact. In pharmacology, vesicants are often associated with certain chemotherapeutic drugs and can cause serious skin injuries if they extravasate during intravenous administration.
Vesicant: A vesicant is a chemical agent that causes blistering of the skin and mucous membranes upon contact. Vesicants are a class of chemotherapeutic drugs that are particularly damaging to the skin and can lead to severe tissue necrosis if not handled and administered properly.
Vinblastine: Vinblastine is a chemotherapy drug that inhibits the assembly of microtubules, effectively stopping cell division. It is primarily used for treating various types of cancer including Hodgkin's lymphoma and testicular cancer.
Vincristine: Vincristine is a chemotherapeutic drug used in the treatment of various types of cancer. It is a plant-derived alkaloid that disrupts the normal function of microtubules, leading to cell cycle arrest and ultimately, cell death in rapidly dividing cancer cells.
VP-16: VP-16, also known as Etoposide, is a chemotherapeutic agent used primarily to treat various types of cancer including lung cancer and testicular cancer. It works by inhibiting the enzyme topoisomerase II, leading to DNA breakage and cell death.
Xeloda: Xeloda, also known as capecitabine, is an oral chemotherapeutic agent used to treat various cancers such as breast and colorectal cancer. It is a prodrug that converts into 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in the body, inhibiting DNA synthesis in cancer cells.