Glossary
Practice Quizzes

25.3 Xanthines, Leukotriene Modifiers, and Mast Cell Stabilizers

3 min read•june 18, 2024

, , and are key players in managing respiratory disorders. These medications work in different ways to open airways, reduce , and prevent allergic reactions, offering relief for conditions like asthma and .

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Understanding how these drugs work is crucial for nurses. From 's to 's leukotriene blocking, each medication has unique benefits and risks. Proper administration and patient education are essential for safe, effective treatment of respiratory issues.

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Xanthines, Leukotriene Modifiers, and Mast Cell Stabilizers

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Xanthines, leukotriene modifiers, mast cell stabilizers treating respiratory disorders

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Xanthines (theophylline)

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  • Bronchodilators relax smooth muscles in airways by inhibiting phosphodiesterase (PDE) enzymes, increasing cyclic AMP (cAMP) levels and antagonizing adenosine receptors, reducing bronchoconstriction
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  • Reduce inflammation in airways through various mechanisms
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  • Stimulate respiratory center in brain, improving breathing and
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Leukotriene modifiers (montelukast, zafirlukast)

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  • Block action of , inflammatory mediators, by either competing with at receptor sites (leukotriene receptor antagonists, LTRAs) or preventing leukotriene synthesis (5-lipoxygenase inhibitors like )
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  • Reduce inflammation, bronchoconstriction, mucus secretion in airways
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Mast cell stabilizers (cromolyn, nedocromil)

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  • Prevent mast cell degranulation and release of inflammatory mediators (, leukotrienes) by stabilizing mast cell membranes, reducing response to allergens and irritants
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  • Decrease inflammation and bronchoconstriction in airways over time with regular use
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Indications, side effects, drug interactions of xanthines, leukotriene modifiers, mast cell stabilizers

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Indications

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  • Xanthines: Chronic asthma, COPD, apnea of prematurity
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  • : Asthma, exercise-induced bronchoconstriction, allergic rhinitis
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  • : Asthma, allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis
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Side effects

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  • Xanthines: , , , , , , (high doses)
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  • Leukotriene modifiers: Headache, nausea, diarrhea, abdominal pain, elevated (zileuton)
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  • Mast cell stabilizers: Throat irritation, cough, bitter taste (inhaled), headache, nausea (oral)
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Drug interactions

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  • Xanthines: Interact with CYP450 enzymes, affecting metabolism of many drugs (cimetidine, erythromycin, ciprofloxacin)
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  • Leukotriene modifiers: May interact with warfarin, increasing bleeding risk
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  • Mast cell stabilizers: Few significant drug interactions
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Essential nursing considerations administering xanthines, leukotriene modifiers, mast cell stabilizers

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Top images from around the web for Xanthines, leukotriene modifiers, mast cell stabilizers treating respiratory disorders

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Top images from around the web for Xanthines, leukotriene modifiers, mast cell stabilizers treating respiratory disorders

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  • Assess patient's respiratory status, including lung sounds, oxygen saturation (SpO2), peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR)
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Top images from around the web for Xanthines, leukotriene modifiers, mast cell stabilizers treating respiratory disorders

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  • Monitor for side effects and adverse reactions, checking xanthine serum levels regularly due to narrow therapeutic window
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  • Educate patients on proper administration techniques, especially for inhaled medications (inhalers, nebulizers)
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  • Encourage adherence to prescribed dosing schedules and reporting any concerns or side effects
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  • Be aware of potential drug interactions and monitor accordingly
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  • Ensure access to rescue medications (short-acting beta-2 agonists) for acute symptoms
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Patient education plan for safe, effective use of xanthines, leukotriene modifiers, mast cell stabilizers

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Top images from around the web for Xanthines, leukotriene modifiers, mast cell stabilizers treating respiratory disorders

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  • Explain purpose and expected benefits of prescribed medication
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  • Teach proper administration techniques for oral and inhaled medications, demonstrating and having patient practice using inhalers or nebulizers
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  • Emphasize importance of adherence to prescribed dosing schedule
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  • Discuss common side effects and when to report them to healthcare provider
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  • Advise avoiding triggers (allergens, irritants) and maintaining healthy lifestyle
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  • Stress importance of regular follow-up appointments to monitor treatment effectiveness and adjust as needed
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  • Encourage asking questions and expressing concerns about treatment plan

Key Terms to Review (49)

Accolate: Accolate (zafirlukast) is an oral leukotriene receptor antagonist used to manage chronic asthma. It works by blocking the action of leukotrienes, substances in the body that cause inflammation and constriction of airways.
Adenosine Receptor Antagonism: Adenosine receptor antagonism refers to the blocking or inhibition of adenosine receptors, which are a class of G protein-coupled receptors that play a crucial role in various physiological processes. This mechanism is particularly relevant in the context of xanthines, leukotriene modifiers, and mast cell stabilizers, as it can contribute to their therapeutic effects.
Aminophylline: Aminophylline is a bronchodilator used to treat symptoms of asthma, bronchitis, and other lung diseases. It belongs to the xanthine class of drugs and works by relaxing muscles in the lungs and decreasing the sensitivity of airways to irritants.
Antihistamines: Antihistamines are medications that block histamine receptors to reduce allergy symptoms such as itching, swelling, and rashes. They are commonly used to treat allergic reactions, upper respiratory disorders, and sometimes in combination with other drugs for various conditions.
Arrhythmias: Arrhythmias refer to any abnormal or irregular heart rhythm that occurs due to disruptions in the electrical activity of the heart. These disturbances in the heart's normal pacing can lead to a wide range of symptoms and potentially serious complications if left untreated.
Bronchial Hyperresponsiveness: Bronchial hyperresponsiveness refers to the increased sensitivity and reactivity of the airways to various stimuli, leading to constriction and narrowing of the bronchi. This heightened airway responsiveness is a hallmark feature of conditions like asthma and can be influenced by various pharmacological interventions.
Bronchodilation: Bronchodilation is the dilation or widening of the bronchi and bronchioles, the airways within the lungs. This process leads to increased airflow and reduced airway resistance, facilitating easier breathing. Bronchodilation is a crucial mechanism in the management of various respiratory conditions, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and bronchospasm.
Caffeine: Caffeine is a natural stimulant found in various plants, such as coffee beans, tea leaves, and cocoa beans. It is a widely consumed substance known for its ability to increase alertness, improve cognitive function, and provide a temporary energy boost.
COPD: COPD, or Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, is a progressive lung disease characterized by persistent respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation. It is a significant term in the context of 18.4 Beta-Adrenergic Blockers, 23.2 Introduction to the Lower Respiratory System, 24.2 Antitussives, and 25.3 Xanthines, Leukotriene Modifiers, and Mast Cell Stabilizers, as it impacts the management and treatment of various respiratory conditions.
Cromolyn sodium: Cromolyn sodium is a mast cell stabilizer used to prevent the release of inflammatory mediators like histamine. It is often prescribed for the management of asthma and allergic conditions.
Cromolyn Sodium: Cromolyn sodium is a medication that works as a mast cell stabilizer, preventing the release of inflammatory mediators and reducing symptoms associated with allergic reactions and asthma. It is also classified as a leukotriene modifier due to its ability to inhibit the production of leukotrienes, which contribute to airway inflammation.
Glucocorticoid-Sparing Effect: The glucocorticoid-sparing effect refers to the ability of certain medications to reduce the required dose or duration of glucocorticoid therapy, thereby minimizing the adverse effects associated with prolonged glucocorticoid use. This term is particularly relevant in the context of xanthines, leukotriene modifiers, and mast cell stabilizers, as these drug classes can exhibit this beneficial effect.
Headache: A headache is a pain or discomfort in the head, scalp, or neck. It is a common condition that can have a wide range of causes and can significantly impact an individual's quality of life. Headaches are often associated with various medical conditions and can be a symptom of underlying issues related to the topics of Alzheimer's Drugs, Nitrates, Expectorants and Mucolytics, Xanthines, Leukotriene Modifiers, and Mast Cell Stabilizers, Histamine Blockers and Proton-Pump Inhibitors, and Pepsin Inhibitors and Prostaglandin Analogues.
Headaches: Headaches are pain or discomfort in the head or face area, often categorized by their underlying cause such as tension, migraine, or cluster headaches. In pharmacology, the focus is on understanding and treating migraines, which are severe headaches often accompanied by nausea and light sensitivity.
Histamine: Histamine is a chemical compound that is naturally produced in the body and plays a crucial role in the inflammatory response, as well as in the regulation of various physiological processes. It is an important mediator in the body's immune system and is involved in the pathogenesis of various allergic and inflammatory conditions.
Inflammation: Inflammation is the body's natural immune response to various stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants. It is a complex biological process that aims to remove harmful stimuli, initiate the healing process, and restore homeostasis. Inflammation is a key component in the understanding of immunity, immunosuppressants, corticosteroids, and other related pharmacological topics.
Inhaler: An inhaler is a portable device used to deliver medication directly into the lungs, typically for the treatment of respiratory conditions such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Inhalers play a crucial role in managing the symptoms and preventing exacerbations of these lower respiratory system disorders.
Insomnia: Insomnia is a sleep disorder characterized by difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or waking up too early and not being able to go back to sleep. It can have a significant impact on an individual's overall health and quality of life.
Intal: Intal, also known as cromolyn sodium, is a mast cell stabilizer used to prevent asthma attacks and manage allergy symptoms. It works by inhibiting the release of inflammatory mediators from mast cells.
Leukotriene modifiers: Leukotriene modifiers are a class of drugs that block the effects of leukotrienes, which are inflammatory chemicals the body releases after coming into contact with an allergen or irritant. They are primarily used in the management and treatment of asthma and allergic rhinitis.
Leukotriene Modifiers: Leukotriene modifiers are a class of medications that work by interfering with the production or action of leukotrienes, which are inflammatory molecules involved in various respiratory conditions. These drugs play a role in the management of disorders like asthma and allergic rhinitis by reducing inflammation and bronchospasm.
Leukotrienes: Leukotrienes are inflammatory mediators produced in leukocytes by the oxidation of arachidonic acid. They play a crucial role in the pathophysiology of asthma and allergic reactions.
Leukotrienes: Leukotrienes are a class of inflammatory lipid mediators derived from the metabolism of arachidonic acid. They play a crucial role in the inflammatory response and are involved in the pathogenesis of various respiratory and allergic disorders.
Liver Enzymes: Liver enzymes are proteins produced by the liver that facilitate and regulate the chemical reactions involved in metabolism. They play a crucial role in the body's ability to break down and process various substances, including drugs, toxins, and other compounds.
Mast cell stabilizers: Mast cell stabilizers are medications used to prevent the release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators from mast cells, thus reducing allergic reactions and inflammation. They are commonly used for managing asthma and allergic rhinitis.
Mast Cell Stabilizers: Mast cell stabilizers are a class of medications that work by preventing the release of inflammatory mediators from mast cells, thereby reducing allergic and inflammatory responses in the body. These agents play a crucial role in the management of various conditions, including asthma, allergic rhinitis, and certain skin disorders.
Mast Cells: Mast cells are immune cells that play a crucial role in the body's inflammatory and allergic responses. They are found in various tissues, particularly those exposed to the external environment, and are known for their ability to release a variety of potent chemical mediators upon activation.
Montelukast: Montelukast is a leukotriene receptor antagonist used to manage and prevent asthma symptoms and treat allergic rhinitis. It works by blocking substances in the body called leukotrienes that cause asthma symptoms and allergic reactions.
Nausea: Nausea is an unpleasant sensation of discomfort in the upper stomach, often accompanied by an urge to vomit. It is a common symptom that can arise from various physiological and psychological factors, and it is particularly relevant in the context of the provided topics: Alzheimer's Drugs, Mood Stabilizers, Expectorants and Mucolytics, Xanthines, Leukotriene Modifiers, and Mast Cell Stabilizers, as well as Pepsin Inhibitors and Prostaglandin Analogues.
Nedocromil: Nedocromil is a mast cell stabilizer that inhibits the release of inflammatory mediators from mast cells, thereby reducing symptoms associated with allergic and inflammatory conditions. It is particularly relevant in the context of xanthines, leukotriene modifiers, and mast cell stabilizers, as it shares mechanisms of action and therapeutic applications with these drug classes.
Norphyl: Norphyl is a brand name for aminophylline, a xanthine derivative used as a bronchodilator to treat symptoms of asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema. It works by relaxing the muscles around the airways and decreasing lung sensitivity to allergens and other triggers.
Phosphodiesterase Inhibition: Phosphodiesterase inhibition is a mechanism of action that involves the inhibition of the enzyme phosphodiesterase, which is responsible for the breakdown of cyclic nucleotides such as cAMP and cGMP. This inhibition leads to increased levels of these signaling molecules, resulting in various physiological effects depending on the context.
Phyllocontin: Phyllocontin is a brand name for aminophylline, a xanthine derivative used as a bronchodilator to treat symptoms of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It works by relaxing the muscles in the lungs and decreasing the sensitivity of the airways to allergens and other irritants.
Quibron-T: Quibron-T is a combination drug containing theophylline, a xanthine derivative used to treat symptoms of asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema. It works by relaxing the muscles in the lungs and decreasing the sensitivity of the airways to allergens and other irritants.
Respiratory Drive: Respiratory drive refers to the physiological mechanisms that regulate and control the rate and depth of breathing. It is the intrinsic need to breathe, driven by the body's requirement for oxygen and the need to eliminate carbon dioxide.
Seizures: Seizures are sudden, uncontrolled electrical disturbances in the brain that can cause various physical and mental symptoms. They are a key concern in the context of Alcohol Use Disorder Drugs and Xanthines, Leukotriene Modifiers, and Mast Cell Stabilizers, as these substances can potentially trigger or exacerbate seizure activity.
Serum Theophylline Levels: Serum theophylline levels refer to the concentration of the drug theophylline measured in a person's blood. Theophylline is a xanthine derivative medication used to treat respiratory conditions like asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and bronchitis. Monitoring serum theophylline levels is crucial for ensuring the proper dosage and therapeutic effect of this medication.
Singulair: Singulair is a leukotriene receptor antagonist used to manage and prevent symptoms of asthma and allergic rhinitis. It works by blocking substances in the body called leukotrienes that cause asthma and allergy symptoms.
Tachycardia: Tachycardia refers to a rapid heart rate, typically defined as a resting heart rate exceeding 100 beats per minute. This abnormally fast heart rhythm can have various underlying causes and is an important consideration in several medical conditions and drug therapies.
Theo-24: Theo-24 is an extended-release formulation of theophylline, a xanthine derivative used to treat symptoms of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It works by relaxing bronchial smooth muscle and reducing airway responsiveness.
Theobid: Theobid is a brand name for theophylline, a xanthine derivative used as a bronchodilator to treat symptoms of asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema. It works by relaxing the muscles in the lungs and decreasing the sensitivity of the lungs to allergens and other irritants.
Theophylline: Theophylline is a bronchodilator used to treat symptoms of asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema. It belongs to the xanthine class of drugs and works by relaxing the muscles in the lungs and opening airways.
Vomiting: Vomiting is the forceful expulsion of the contents of the stomach and upper intestines through the mouth. It is a protective mechanism that helps the body eliminate harmful or unwanted substances from the digestive system. This key term is particularly relevant in the context of Alzheimer's Drugs, Expectorants and Mucolytics, and Xanthines, Leukotriene Modifiers, and Mast Cell Stabilizers, as vomiting can be a side effect or complication associated with the use of these medications.
Vomiting center (VC): The vomiting center (VC) is a neural network located in the medulla oblongata of the brainstem that coordinates the act of vomiting. It integrates signals from various sources to trigger and control emesis.
Xanthines: Xanthines are a class of bronchodilators used to treat symptoms of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). They work by relaxing the smooth muscles of the airways and reducing inflammation.
Zafirlukast: Zafirlukast is an oral leukotriene receptor antagonist used for the maintenance treatment of asthma. It helps reduce bronchoconstriction and inflammation by blocking leukotrienes.
Zileuton: Zileuton is an oral medication that inhibits the enzyme 5-lipoxygenase, thereby reducing the production of leukotrienes, which are involved in inflammatory responses. It is primarily used to manage chronic asthma.
Zyflo: Zyflo is a leukotriene synthesis inhibitor used to manage asthma by reducing inflammation and bronchoconstriction. The active ingredient, zileuton, inhibits the enzyme 5-lipoxygenase.
Zyflo CR: Zyflo CR is a controlled-release medication that inhibits the action of 5-lipoxygenase, an enzyme involved in the formation of leukotrienes. It is used to manage chronic asthma symptoms.
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