1. Which regions experienced increased industrial production during the Industrial Revolution and what methods did some nations use to encourage industrialization?

2. How did the global distribution of manufacturing output change between 1750 and 1900, and what does this reveal about industrial dominance?

1. What raw materials did different regions of the world continue to supply during the Industrial Revolution?

2. How did technological innovations like the steam ship, steam locomotive, and telegraph expand access to raw materials and increase global trade?

1. How did Western Europe's economic system change from mercantilism to capitalism, and what did Adam Smith believe about this transition?

2. What problems did Karl Marx identify with industrial capitalism and what solution did he propose?

1. What were the working and living conditions of the industrial working class, and how did they differ from agricultural labor?

2. How did the working class respond to poor wages, long hours, and harsh conditions?

1. How did industrialization change the composition and size of the middle class?

2. What new occupations emerged as part of the middle class during the Industrial Revolution?

1. How did the Industrial Revolution transform social hierarchies and the composition of the upper class?

1. How did women's economic roles and contributions change from agricultural to industrial economies?

2. What inequalities did women face in industrial factories despite the importance of their labor to family welfare?

1. How did voting rights expand during the Industrial Revolution and what groups were initially excluded from these reforms?

2. What relationship existed between the size of the middle class and the emergence of democracy in industrial nations?

1. What social reforms did Otto von Bismarck implement in Germany and why did he believe these reforms were necessary?

2. What issues did labor parties advocate for as they emerged in industrial nations?

1. What role did Wales play in mining innovations during the Industrial Revolution and what challenges did miners face?

1. How did late 19th and early 20th century historians view Ottoman adaptation to industrialization and what evidence did they cite?

2. How do recent historians interpret Ottoman reforms differently and what specific changes do they highlight as evidence of progress?

3. According to recent historians, why did the Ottoman Empire ultimately fall despite implementing reforms?