1. What is liberalism and how did John Locke's concept of the social contract support the idea of popular sovereignty?

2. Why did popular sovereignty conflict with the reality of 19th-century British government?

1. What did the Great Reform Act of 1832 accomplish and why did it represent a victory for the middle class?

2. How did voting qualifications change between 1832 and the end of the 19th century?

1. What were the Corn Laws and why did the Anti-Corn Law League oppose them?

2. How did the Anti-Corn Law League use petitions to influence Parliament, and what was the outcome in 1846?

1. What is enlightened self-interest and how did the repeal of the Corn Laws demonstrate this concept?

1. What did the Whig Party believe in and what major reforms did it support in the 19th century?

1. What is utilitarianism and how did Jeremy Bentham's principle of 'the greatest happiness of the greatest number' differ from traditional Christian ethics?

2. What social causes did Bentham support and how did utilitarianism influence 19th-century reform movements?

1. What was John Stuart Mill's concept of social liberty and how did it differ from Bentham's utilitarianism?

2. What positions did Mill advocate for regarding voting rights, women's rights, and individual freedoms?

1. What was Chartism and what did William Lovett's People's Charter demand?

2. How did the Chartists attempt to influence Parliament and what was the outcome of their movement?

1. Who was Flora Tristan and what did she believe about the relationship between women's rights and workers' freedom?

1. What were Henri Saint-Simon's beliefs about how scientists, engineers, and businesspeople could transform society?

2. What were intentional communities and what examples did Charles Fourier and Robert Owen establish?

1. How did Karl Marx's approach to socialism differ from that of the utopian socialists?

2. What was Marx's theory of historical determinism and how did he view the relationship between technology, economics, and politics?

3. What did Marx mean by class struggle and how did he predict the proletariat would eventually overthrow the bourgeoisie?

1. What positions did Clara Zetkin and Rosa Luxemburg take regarding Marxism, women's rights, and international socialism?

1. What is anarchism and how did anarchists believe society should be organized?

2. What was Mikhail Bakunin's concept of collective anarchism and how did it differ from socialism?

3. What was syndicalism and how did Georges Sorel propose that labor unions should organize society?