1. Why did standardization of machine parts become essential during the second industrial revolution?

2. What role did Manchester play in the development of industrial manufacturing and what was Manchester capitalism?

3. How did the Krupp family's innovations in steel production and management contribute to Germany's industrial growth?

1. How did the telegraph revolutionize communication and what was its significance for global connectivity?

2. What impact did electric generators and the electric grid have on urban life and working hours?

3. How did the telephone and wireless communication technologies contribute to women's economic independence?

1. How did bicycles, steamships, and streetcars each improve transportation for different populations?

2. What advantages did the internal combustion engine provide over previous forms of transportation?

3. What were the economic and military applications of the airplane after the Wright brothers' 1903 flight?

1. How did vulcanization and the invention of Bakelite expand the uses of new materials in manufacturing?

2. What innovations in chemical engineering improved the textile industry and how did they change production?

1. What were the primary causes of the Long Depression between 1873 and 1879?

2. How did the shortage of money and credit affect investment and employment during the Long Depression?

3. What were the consequences of bank runs during the economic crisis and why did they occur?

1. How did protectionism and high tariffs attempt to stabilize economies, and what were the unintended consequences?

2. What is the difference between free trade agreements and most favored nation status, and how did they affect trade?

3. How did cartels and trusts attempt to control prices, and why did governments begin to restrict these practices?

4. Why did governments sometimes allow monopolies in certain industries and what role did regulation play?

1. What political and economic power did large banks gain during the second industrial revolution?

2. How did banks facilitate international trade and what services did they provide to governments?

1. Why did merchants target women in their advertisements and what messages did these advertisements convey?

2. How did department stores transform shopping into a leisure activity for middle-class women?

1. How did mail-order catalogs and improved transportation enable merchants to reach distant customers?

2. What was significant about Sir Pryce PryceJones's Royal Welsh Warehouse and its customer base?

1. How did refrigerated railroad cars and iceboxes change food storage and meal preparation for middle-class families?

2. What innovations in home technology—gramophones, electric lighting, and steam heat—transformed domestic life and social interaction?

3. How did consumer goods and home innovations come to symbolize progress and comfort for the middle class?

1. How did the Zollverein Agreement of 1834 promote industrialization across German states?

2. What was the relationship between the elimination of trade barriers and the rapid growth of German manufacturing?

3. How did Prussian industrialization contribute to German unification in 1871 and Germany's economic dominance by 1914?

1. What were the key principles of Friedrich List's National System and how did they differ from free trade theory?

2. How did List's ideas about tariffs, education, and infrastructure influence German economic policy?

3. What role did government investment in railroads play in German industrialization and unification?