AP European History AMSCO Guided Notes
6.2: The Spread of Industry Throughout Europe
AMSCO Guided Notes
AP European History Guided Notes
AMSCO 6.2 - The Spread of Industry Throughout Europe
Essential Questions
- What were the factors that influenced the development of industrialization in various parts of Europe from 1815 to 1860?
I. Great Britain's Industrial Dominance
1. What natural resources and geographic advantages made Britain ideal for industrial development?
2. How did Britain's political system and social climate contribute to its industrial leadership?
A. The Textile Industry
1. How did the spinning jenny and water-powered loom transform textile production?
2. What is capitalism and how did it emerge through the development of textile mills?
3. Why did cotton become more important than wool in British textile manufacturing?
B. Steam Power Changes Manufacturing
1. How did James Watt's steam engine change the location and operation of factories?
2. What role did coal play in powering Britain's industrial expansion?
C. Coal
1. How did coal production in Britain increase dramatically during the Industrial Revolution?
2. What were the dangers of coal mining and why did the demand for coal create so many jobs?
D. Iron and Steel
1. How did coke smelting improve iron production and connect the iron industry to coal regions?
2. What innovations did Henry Cort and Henry Bessemer introduce to iron and steel production?
3. How did Britain's iron and steel production increase between 1780 and the early 20th century?
E. Britain Celebrates Its Economic Might
1. What was the Great Exhibition of 1851 and what did it demonstrate about Britain's industrial power?
II. Railroads
1. How did railroads transform transportation and contribute to British national identity?
2. How did mass production and improved transportation affect consumerism and regional differences?
III. Banking
1. Why was a strong banking industry essential to Britain's industrial development?
2. What was the significance of the first savings bank and how did financial crises lead to banking reforms?
IV. Patents and Rewards for Inventors
1. How did the British government's patent system and incentive programs encourage industrial innovation?
V. Political Power and Social Class
1. How did the Industrial Revolution create both new opportunities and harsh conditions for different social classes?
2. What characterized the middle class that emerged during the Industrial Revolution?
A. The Growth of the Middle Class
1. How did increased wealth and education among the middle class change their awareness and influence?
B. The Repeal of the Corn Laws
1. What were the Corn Laws and why did the middle class seek their repeal?
2. How did the repeal of the Corn Laws represent a shift in political power and promote free trade?
C. Increasing Trade
1. What were the economic consequences of repealing the Corn Laws for British farmers and industry?
VI. Industrialization on the Continent
1. What factors slowed industrialization in continental Europe compared to Britain?
2. How did the political systems of continental European governments differ from Britain's in supporting industrialization?
A. Industrialization in France
1. What natural resources and industries characterized France's economy before 1815?
2. How did Napoleon's reforms lay the groundwork for France's industrial development?
3. How did British technology and the Saint Quentin Canal contribute to French industrialization after 1815?
B. French Railroads
1. How did railroad development in France differ from Britain in terms of government involvement?
2. What was the Freycinet Plan and what did it aim to accomplish?
C. Trade Agreements and Tariffs
1. How did France's trade policies change in 1860 and what caused this shift?
VII. Nonindustrialized Europe
1. What economic and social conditions kept Southern and Eastern Europe dependent on agriculture?
2. How did the lack of industrialization in Southern and Eastern Europe affect migration patterns?
A. The Irish Potato Famine
1. Why did potatoes become the primary food source for poor Irish farmers by the 1840s?
2. How did British landlords and the British government respond to the Irish potato famine?
3. What were the demographic and economic consequences of the Irish potato famine?
4. How did the famine affect Irish nationalism and the relationship between Ireland and Britain?
B. Slower Growth in Southern Europe
1. What geographic and economic factors prevented industrialization in Southern Europe?
C. Slow Change in Russia
1. Why did Tsar Alexander II issue the Emancipation Edict of 1861 and what were its limitations?
2. How did Russia's industrialization differ from Western Europe in timing and focus?
3. What was the significance of the Trans-Siberian Railroad and how did Russia fund its industrial development?
Key Terms
Industrial Revolution
Henry Bessemer
free trade
canals
Bessemer process
tariffs
mass produced
Great Exhibition of 1851
potato famine
capital
Crystal Palace
"Hungry '40s"
capitalism
patents
Emancipation Edict of 1861
consumers
middle class
steam engine
Corn Laws