1. What grievances did Greeks have against Ottoman rule, and what prompted them to seek independence in 1821?

2. How did the involvement of Great Britain, France, and Russia affect the outcome of the Greek independence movement?

3. Why was Greek independence significant for the balance of power in Eastern Europe during the 19th century?

1. Who were the Decembrists and what did they attempt to accomplish in 1825?

2. How did Tsar Nicholas I respond to the failed Decembrist revolt?

1. What caused the July Revolution of 1830, and what was its immediate outcome?

2. How did Louis-Philippe's policies as the 'Citizen King' represent a shift from Charles X's rule?

1. What triggered the Polish rebellion against Russian rule, and why did it ultimately fail?

2. How did Russia's response to the Polish rebellion affect Polish autonomy?

1. What economic and political conditions sparked the revolutions of 1848 across Europe?

2. How did the February Revolution in France begin, and what role did class divisions play in its failure?

3. What was the significance of the Frankfurt Assembly, and why did it fail to unify the German states?

1. What challenges did Austria's multi-ethnic empire face in 1848, and which groups demanded self-rule?

2. How did Austria's government respond to the revolutions of 1848, and what was the long-term outcome?

3. What was the 'dual monarchy' of Austria-Hungary, and did it represent genuine liberal reform?

1. Why did the revolutions of 1848 and 1849 ultimately fail across Europe?

2. How did European governments respond to the failed revolutions, and what were the consequences for dissenters?

1. What reforms advocated during 1848 eventually succeeded in Europe despite the immediate failure of the revolutions?

1. What was the Emancipation Manifesto of 1861, and what complications did peasants face in obtaining land?

2. What was the Zemstvo, and how did it attempt to increase local autonomy in Russia?

1. What national-level reforms did Alexander II implement to modernize Russia's legal and military systems?

2. How did Alexander II's modernization efforts, including the Trans-Siberian Railroad and military conscription, reflect his goals for Russia?

3. Why did Alexander II's reforms fail to satisfy many Russians, and what was the consequence?

1. What economic policies did Sergei Witte implement under Alexander III to modernize Russia?

2. How did Alexander III's approach to reform differ from his father Alexander II's approach?

1. What prompted Tsar Nicholas II to issue the October Manifesto, and what rights did it grant to Russians?

2. How did the tsar limit the power of the Duma and restrict the reforms promised in the October Manifesto?

1. What was Peter Stolypin's agrarian reform, and how did he believe it would prevent revolution in Russia?