AP European History AMSCO Guided Notes
6.4: Social Effects of Industrialization
AMSCO Guided Notes
AP European History Guided Notes
AMSCO 6.4 - Social Effects of Industrialization
Essential Questions
- What were the causes and consequences of social developments resulting from industrialization?
I. Rise of New Social Classes
1. What new types of work emerged during industrialization and why did these jobs not fit into feudal class structures?
2. How did the working conditions and living situations of the proletariat differ from those of the middle class?
3. What evidence shows that the middle class gained significant economic power and influence during industrialization?
A. The Working Class
1. What types of jobs did working-class people perform and what housing did they typically occupy?
2. How did the shift from agricultural to industrial work change employment patterns in England between 1750 and 1900?
B. The Middle Class
1. What occupations characterized the middle class and how did their living situations differ from the working class?
2. How did the growth of suburbs reflect changes in middle-class life during the late 19th and early 20th centuries?
3. How did some wealthy middle-class families begin to form a new upper-class 'aristocracy' by the end of the 19th century?
II. Class Identity Among Workers
1. What does class identity mean and why was it especially strong among the proletariat?
2. How did new leisure activities and spending time together create solidarity among working-class people?
3. What was the Peterloo Massacre and what did it demonstrate to working people about the need for organization?
4. What were labor unions and mutual aid societies, and what purposes did they serve for workers?
III. Class Identity in the Middle Class
1. How did the middle class attempt to distinguish themselves from the working class through their consumption and social activities?
2. What role did conspicuous consumption play in middle-class culture and identity?
3. How did private clubs and fraternal organizations strengthen bonds within the middle class?
IV. Middle-Class Philanthropy
1. What types of philanthropic organizations did the middle class establish and what institutions did they support?
2. What was the Social Gospel movement and how did it influence charitable work?
3. What were the limitations of middle-class charitable efforts in addressing poverty during industrialization?
V. Population Growth and Urbanization
1. What evidence shows the dramatic shift from rural to urban populations in Western Europe between 1750 and 1900?
2. What were the 'pull' and 'push' factors that drove rural people to move to cities during industrialization?
3. How did the Highland Clearances in Scotland illustrate the forced migration of rural populations?
A. Reasons for Population Growth
1. What agricultural innovations increased food production and allowed Europe's population to grow despite poor urban conditions?
B. Effects of Overcrowding
1. What were the typical living conditions in urban tenements and how did overcrowding affect residents' health?
2. How did poor public infrastructure and lack of clean water contribute to disease outbreaks in industrial cities?
3. What was John Snow's contribution to understanding disease transmission and public health?
4. What health problems resulted from cold, damp housing and lack of sunlight in urban areas?
1. Lack of Housing
1. What desperate measures did people without housing resort to in order to survive in industrial cities?
2. Poor Public Infrastructure
3. Other Health Issues
VI. The Persistence of Rural Economies and Elites
1. Why did aristocratic landholders in Eastern and Southern Europe maintain power longer than in industrialized regions?
2. How did limited economic and political opportunities in less-industrialized regions affect peasant migration patterns?
VII. Family Structure and Relationships
1. How did industrialization change family structure and the relationship between work and family life?
2. What is meant by 'separate spheres' and how did this concept affect family organization during industrialization?
A. Changes for the Working Class
1. How did factory work separate family members and change the economic role of the family unit?
2. Why did factory owners prefer to hire children and what were the consequences for working-class children?
3. What challenges did working-class women face when they had to work outside the home while maintaining domestic responsibilities?
1. Working-Class Childhood
2. Working-Class Women
B. Middle-Class Families Become the Social Ideal
1. What were the key characteristics of the middle-class family ideal that emerged in the late 19th century?
2. What was the 'cult of domesticity' and how did it define women's roles and value in middle-class society?
3. How did the availability of birth control affect middle-class family size and children's opportunities?
1. Middle-Class Marriage and Family Life
1. How did the ideal of marrying for love rather than economic advantage change courtship and marriage practices?
2. What was a companionate marriage and how did this concept reflect changing attitudes toward marriage?
3. Why did most people marry within their own social class despite the ideal of companionate marriage?
2. Economic Class Distinctions Continue
3. Middle Class Benefits
1. What improvements in living standards and quality of life did industrialization bring to middle-class families?
VIII. Social Reform and Family Life
1. Why did reformers focus on protecting women and children through legislation during the Industrial Revolution?
A. The Factory Act of 1833
1. What restrictions did the Factory Act of 1833 place on child labor and what were its stated goals?
2. What weaknesses in the Factory Act of 1833 made it difficult to enforce and limited its effectiveness?
3. Despite its limitations, what important precedent did the Factory Act of 1833 establish?
B. The Mines Act of 1842
1. What restrictions did the Mines Act of 1842 place on workers and what was the reasoning behind banning women?
2. How did the ban on women in mines affect working-class families economically and why did women resist the law?
3. What strategies did women use to continue working in mines despite the legal ban?
C. The Ten Hours Act of 1847
1. What were the working hours before the Ten Hours Act and what did the act establish as new limits?
2. Why did labor unions and reformers campaign for a 10-hour workday beyond just reducing physical labor?
3. What challenges did the Ten Hours Act face in enforcement and why did workers continue to exceed the limits?
Key Terms
social mobility
working class
proletariat
tenements
middle class
bourgeoisie
suburbs
class identity
vaudeville
Peterloo Massacre
labor unions
trade unions
mutual aid societies
social mores
fraternal organizations
philanthropic
cult of domesticity
Factory Act of 1833
Mines Act of 1842
Ten Hours Act of 1847