Immigration contributed to the increased population in America from 1750-1800. Immigration to America and migrations within the colonies caused conflict between European immigrants, Britain, Native Americans and black Africans.
European Immigrants
Many Europeans flocked to America because of political oppression, economic problems, war and religious persecution. The main sources of immigration came from England, Germany and Ireland. Other groups, such as the Dutch, Swiss and French, would occupy the eastern coast of the colonies.
The Germans would move to the backcountry of the colonies, especially Pennsylvania, New York and the Carolinas. Here, they could practice their language, farming and German customs independently.
The Scots-Irish came from Northern Ireland by way of Scotland. Because the Germans and Quakers had taken land, the Scot-Irish had to move further west against the Appalachian Mountains in Pennsylvania. They would also move into the western parts of the South, where they would fight against both Native Americans and white settlers over land and squatting rights.
Native Americans
The French and Indian War pitted the Iroquois and their British allies against the Hurons and their French allies. During the French and Indian War and the Revolutionary War, some of the tribes could play the European powers against each other. However, the Treaty of Paris in 1763 hurt the Iroquois, Creeks and other tribes and gave Britain control of lands east of the Mississippi.
The Ottowa Chief named Pontiac led a prolonged fight against British forts (known as Pontiac's Rebellion) in the Ohio Valley in 1763, where the Native Americans killed two thousand colonial frontiersmen. The British would retaliate with brutal tactics and win the fight.
A major turning point happened in 1763 when Britain passed the Proclamation Act of 1763. This law prohibited any settlers from migrating across the Appalachian Mountains. It was intended to prevent any future conflicts between white settlers and the Native Americans. The white colonists defied this law and migrated west in large numbers.
Black Africans and Slavery
Nathaniel Bacon’s rebellion against Virginia’s elite landowners in 1676 forced white plantation owners to look away from white indentured servants and towards black Africa for free labor in their cotton, tobacco, and rice fields. Black Africans were forced in chains to cross the Atlantic Ocean in horrible slave ships in large numbers after 1700. By 1775, one in five people in the colonies were black, with many of them slaves in the South.
After the Revolutionary War, many colonists liked the idea of equality and were against gaining wealth through heredity. Some northern states abolished slavery and Congress arranged for a future without slave trading. However, the new Constitution did not address the problem of slavery because of the fear of internal conflict for a new republic.
Eli Whitney’s cotton gin in 1793 would increase the demand for black slave labor. As a result, a sharp divide would continue between the North and the South over slavery.
Watch - AP US History: Period 3 Recap and Exam Prep
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🚀 Thematic Guides
Theme 1 (NAT) - American and National Identity
- College Board Description 📘
- Organizing Question 🔎
- Key Vocabulary 📝
- Historical Examples of this Theme:
- Period 1 (1491-1607)
- Period 2 (1607-1754)
- Period 3 (1754-1800)
- Period 4 (1800-1848)
- Period 5 (1844-1877)
- Period 6 (1865-1898)
- Period 7 (1890-1945)
- Period 8 (1945-1980)
- Period 9 (1980-present)
- Sample SAQ for this Theme ✏️
- Sample LEQ for this Theme ✏️
Theme 4 (MIG) - Migration and Settlement
- College Board Description📘
- Organizing Question🔎
- Key Vocabulary📝
- Historical Examples of this Theme:
- Period 1 (1491-1607)
- Period 2 (1607-1754)
- Period 3 (1754-1800)
- Period 4 (1800-1848)
- Period 5 (1844-1877)
- Period 6 (1865-1898)
- Period 7 (1890-1945)
- Period 8 (1945-1980)
- Period 9 (1980-present)
- Sample Questions
- Sample SAQ✏️
- Sample LEQ✏️
📑 Document Based Questions (DBQ)
🌽 Unit 1: 1491-1607
🦃 Unit 2: 1607-1754
🔫 Unit 3: 1754-1800
🐎 Unit 4: 1800-1848
💣 Unit 5: 1844-1877
🚂 Unit 6: 1865-1898
🌎 Unit 7: 1890-1945
🥶 Unit 8: 1945-1980
8.2The Cold War from 1945-1980
- Origins
- Satellite States
- Division of Germany
- Iron Curtain
- Truman’s Containment Policy
- Truman Doctrine
- Marshall Plan
- Berlin Airlift
- North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
- China
- The Korean War
- Massive Retaliation
- Geneva Convention
- U-2 Incident
- Communism in Cuba
- Bay of Pigs Invasion
- Kennedy and Berlin
- Cuban Missile Crisis
- Détente
- Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
- Carter and the Cold War
📲 Unit 9: 1980-Present
9.2Reagan and Conservatism
- Reagan Revolution
- Election of 1980
- Reaganomics
- Tax Cuts
- Spending Cuts
- Recession
- PATCO Strike
- Space Shuttle Program
- “Just Say No” Campaign
- AIDs Epidemic
- Supreme Court Nominations
- Election of 1988
- Taxes and the Economy
- Americans with Disabilities
- Election of 1992
- Clinton’s Domestic Policies
- Gay Rights
- Republican Control of Congress
- Clinton’s Second Term
- Kyoto Protocol
- Columbine Shooting
- Impeachment
9.6Challenges of the 21st Century
- Election of 2000
- Tax Cuts
- No Child Left Behind
- 9/11
- Department of Homeland Security
- PATRIOT Act
- The War on Terror
- Afghanistan
- Iraq
- Hurricane Katrina
- The Great Recession
- Obama’s Domestic Policies
- LGBT Rights
- Same-Sex Marriage
- Other Cases
- Equality Act
- Refusal to Serve and Religious Freedom
- Transgender Issues
- Health Care
- Education
- Environmental Concerns
- Popular Movements
- Supreme Court Opening
- Gun Violence
- Arab Spring
- Rise of ISIS
- Iran Nuclear Deal
- Politics and Problems in 2016
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📋 Short Answer Questions (SAQ)
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