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AP World History AMSCO Guided Notes

8.6: Newly Independent States

AP World History
AMSCO Guided Notes
8.1 Setting the Stage for the Cold War and Decolonization
8.2 The Cold War
8.3 Effects of the Cold War
8.4 Spread of Communism after 1900
8.5 Decolonization after 1900
8.6 Newly Independent States
8.7 Global Resistance to Established Power Structures
8.8 End of the Cold War
8.9 Causation in the Age of the Cold War and Decolonization

AP World History Guided Notes

AMSCO 8.6 - Newly Independent States

Essential Questions

  1. What political changes led to territorial, demographic, and nationalist developments and the economic shifts that resulted?
I. Israel's Founding and Foreign Relations

1. What event prompted Theodore Herzl to advocate for a separate Jewish state, and what did he propose at the First Zionist Congress in 1897?

A. Birth of Israel

1. Why did Zionists believe Palestine was the appropriate location for a Jewish state?

2. What did the Balfour Declaration promise regarding Palestine, and what complications arose from British promises to both Jewish and Arab populations?

3. How did World War II and the Holocaust influence Jewish immigration to Palestine and the eventual creation of Israel?

B. Multiple Wars

1. What triggered the 1948 war between Israel and Arab nations, and what was the immediate consequence for Palestinians?

2. What territories did Israel gain during the Six-Day War of 1967, and from which countries did it acquire them?

3. How did the Suez Crisis of 1956 and the Yom Kippur War of 1973 differ in their causes and outcomes?

C. Israeli-Egyptian Peace

1. What was the Camp David Accords, and why did Palestinians and several Arab states reject the resulting 1979 peace treaty?

D. Ongoing Violence

1. How did the split between Fatah and Hamas factions affect Palestinian governance and Israeli-Palestinian relations?

2. What Israeli policies regarding settlements and border controls intensified Palestinian anger in the 21st century?

II. Cambodia Gains Independence and Survives Wars

1. How did Cambodia's initial independence and non-aligned status change during the Cold War?

2. What policies did Pol Pot and the Khmer Rouge implement after taking power, and what were the human consequences?

3. How did Vietnamese intervention in Cambodia lead to political change and eventual democratic reforms?

III. India and Pakistan Become Separate Countries

1. What were the religious and demographic differences between India and Pakistan after partition in 1947?

2. What population movements and violence occurred during the partition of India and Pakistan?

3. How did the political systems of India and Pakistan differ after independence?

A. Kashmir Conflict

1. Why did both India and Pakistan claim Kashmir, and how was the region eventually divided among three powers?

2. How did the development of nuclear weapons by India and Pakistan increase the significance of the Kashmir conflict?

IV. Women Gain Power in South Asia

A. Sri Lanka

1. How did Sirimavo Bandaranaike become the world's first female prime minister, and what policies did she implement?

2. What pattern of political power emerged in Sri Lanka involving Bandaranaike and her family members?

B. India

1. How did Indira Gandhi come to power in India, and what were her early political accomplishments?

2. What economic challenges threatened Indira Gandhi's rule, and how did she respond with her 20-point program?

3. What was the outcome of Indira Gandhi's declaration of national emergency in 1975?

C. Pakistan

1. What was significant about Benazir Bhutto's election as prime minister in 1988, and what challenges did she face?

2. How did Benazir Bhutto's political career differ from those of other female leaders in South Asia?

V. Tanzania Modernizes

1. What was ujamaa, and how did Julius Nyerere attempt to implement African socialism in Tanzania?

2. What challenges prevented Nyerere from achieving his economic goals despite his personal popularity?

VI. Emigration from Newer Countries to Older Ones

1. Why did people from newly independent countries migrate to former colonial powers, and what types of work did they typically perform?

2. How did migration patterns maintain economic and cultural ties between newly independent nations and their former colonial rulers?

Key Terms

Zionist movement

Six-Day War

Yom Kippur War

Camp David Accords

Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO)

Fatah

Hamas

Khmer Rouge

Kashmir

Sirimavo Bandaranaike

Indira Gandhi

Benazir Bhutto

Julius Nyerere

metropole