AP European History AMSCO Guided Notes
9.5: Postwar Nationalism, Ethnic Conflict, and Atrocities
AMSCO Guided Notes
AP European History Guided Notes
AMSCO 9.5 - Postwar Nationalism, Ethnic Conflict, and Atrocities
Essential Questions
- What are the causes and effects of mass atrocities from the end of World War II to the present?
I. Nationalist and Separatist Movements
1. What role did ethnic, cultural, and religious differences play in sparking separatist movements across postwar Europe?
A. Western Europe
1. Northern Ireland
1. What religious and political divisions led to the partition of Ireland in the early 1920s?
2. How did discrimination against Catholics in Northern Ireland contribute to the outbreak of violence known as the Troubles?
3. What role did the Good Friday Agreement of 1998 play in reducing violence and establishing shared government in Northern Ireland?
2. The Basque Region
1. What distinct cultural and linguistic characteristics made the Basque people seek independence from Spain?
2. How did Francisco Franco's policies affect Basque autonomy, and how did ETA respond to these restrictions?
3. What factors contributed to the decline of support for ETA and its eventual decision to disband in 2018?
3. Belgium
1. What cultural and linguistic differences between the Flemish and Walloons have created ongoing tensions in Belgium?
2. How have economic disparities between Flanders and Wallonia contributed to political conflicts in Belgium?
B. Yugoslavia
1. How did Josip Broz Tito maintain control over Yugoslavia's diverse ethnic and national groups after World War II?
2. What happened to Yugoslavia's policy of nonalignment after Tito's death in 1980?
1. Ethnic Cleansing and Disintegration
1. What triggered the violent dissolution of Yugoslavia in the 1990s, and which republics declared independence?
2. What is ethnic cleansing, and how did Slobodan Miloลกeviฤ's forces use this strategy in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Kosovo?
3. What were the human costs of the Bosnian conflict in terms of deaths and displacement?
4. How did the international community respond to war crimes committed during Yugoslavia's dissolution through trials and convictions?
2. War's End and Aftermath
1. What did the 1995 peace agreement accomplish, and what happened to Slobodan Miloลกeviฤ after the war ended?
2. How did international war crimes tribunals address atrocities committed by Serbian, Croatian, and Bosnian forces?
C. Chechnya
1. Why did Chechnya declare independence in 1991, and what were the main sources of conflict with Russia?
2. What were the consequences of Russia's military interventions in Chechnya in 1994 and 1999?
3. How did Russia reassert control over Chechnya after 1999, and what role did the 2003 constitution play?
Key Terms
the Troubles
Walloons
Kosovo
Basque
Yugoslavia
Chechnya
ETA
Bosnian Muslims
Flemish
ethnic cleansing