1. What is the underlying premise of existentialism and how does it differ from traditional religious worldviews?

2. According to Jean-Paul Sartre, how do individuals create meaning and what role does personal responsibility play in existentialism?

1. What is postmodernism and how did it represent a reaction to Enlightenment ideas about reason and objective truth?

2. Why did postmodernists believe that science and technology did not necessarily make society better?

1. What agreement did Mussolini's fascist government reach with the Catholic Church in 1929 and what did each side gain from it?

1. How did German Protestant clergy such as Dietrich Bonhoeffer and Martin Niemöller respond to Nazi totalitarianism?

1. How did Stalin's treatment of the Russian Orthodox Church change during and after World War II?

2. What happened to the Russian Orthodox Church after the collapse of the Soviet Union?

1. What compromise did Poland's communist government reach with the Catholic Church after 1956?

2. How did Pope John Paul II and the Catholic Church contribute to the fall of communism in Poland?

1. What was Cubism and how did Pablo Picasso use geometric shapes to represent multiple perspectives?

2. How did Futurism differ from Cubism in its approach to representing modern life?

3. What was Dadaism and how did it protest against traditional aesthetics and the perceived purposelessness of World War I?

4. How did Surrealism, influenced by Freud's psychological theories, differ from earlier art movements in its focus and subject matter?

5. What characterized Abstract Expressionism and why did New York replace Paris as the center of Western art after World War II?

6. What sources of inspiration did Pop Art draw from and how did it break from both traditional and contemporary art?

1. What did the slogan 'form follows function' mean and how did it influence Modernist architecture?

2. What was the Bauhaus school and what design principles did it emphasize?

3. How did postmodern architecture in the 1960s react against Modernist design and what role did architects like Robert Venturi play?

1. How did Igor Stravinsky's The Rite of Spring challenge traditional Western musical aesthetics?

2. What was atonal music and how did Arnold Schoenberg's work compare to the emergence of abstract painting?

3. How did Richard Strauss extend traditional musical boundaries while remaining different from Schoenberg?

1. How did Franz Kafka challenge literary conventions in works like The Metamorphosis?

2. What was Erich Maria Remarque's purpose in writing All Quiet on the Western Front and how did the Nazis respond?

3. What is stream of consciousness and how did James Joyce and Virginia Woolf use this technique in their novels?

4. How did Virginia Woolf challenge traditional gender roles through her writing?

1. How did Jean-Paul Sartre's play No Exit express existentialist ideas about human existence?

2. What was the Theater of the Absurd and how did Samuel Beckett's Waiting for Godot exemplify this movement?

1. How did American films like Charlie Chaplin's Modern Times reach European audiences and what role did Hollywood play in European markets?

1. How did American television programming spread to Europe and what challenges did European governments face in controlling its influence?

1. What American musical styles based on African American music became popular in Europe and how did British groups like the Beatles influence this exchange?

1. How did technological innovations in plumbing, electricity, refrigeration, plastics, and synthetic fibers transform everyday life and create consumer culture?

1. What was neonatalism and how did European governments use it to increase population after World War II?

2. How did the baby boom and more reliable birth control methods affect Europe's youth population and society?

1. What was the generation gap and what factors created tensions between older and younger people in the 1960s?

2. What were the causes and goals of the student uprisings that occurred across Europe in 1968?

3. What were the immediate and longer-term effects of the 1968 student movements on European society?

1. What forms of discrimination and harmful practices did LGBTQ people face in Western countries from the 1950s to 1960s?

2. When did the gay liberation movement begin in France and what progress has been made in achieving legal rights for LGBTQ people in Europe?