1. What was the Concert of Europe and why did conservative leaders establish it after the French Revolution?

2. How did nationalist movements contribute to the unification of Italy and Germany, and what impact did these unifications have on Europe's balance of power?

3. Why were nationalist revolutions in Austria, the Ottoman Empire, and Russia less successful than those in Italy and Germany?

1. How did the Industrial Revolution lead to the Age of Imperialism in the second half of the 19th century?

2. What were the causes and effects of competition among European powers for resources and markets in Africa and Asia?

3. How did native resistance to imperialism contribute to international instability?

1. How did Romanticism emerge as a reaction to Neoclassical artistic styles, and what values did Romantic artists emphasize?

2. What caused the shift from Romanticism to Realism in 19th-century art and literature?

3. How did imperialism and nationalism influence artistic expression during the 19th century?