1. What did Romantics mean by introspection and what subjects did they focus on in their work?

2. How did Romantic artists use nature as a response to what they saw as the corruption of modern society?

1. How did the status and role of artists change by the end of the Romantic era?

1. How did Caspar David Friedrich use composition and perspective to convey emotion in his landscapes?

2. What techniques did John Constable and J. M. W. Turner use to represent nature, and how did their approaches differ?

1. How did Francisco Goya and Eugène Delacroix use their paintings to express nationalism and political themes?

1. How did Ludwig van Beethoven's musical innovations mark a transition from classical to Romantic style?

2. What characteristics made Frédéric Chopin's piano compositions distinctive examples of Romantic music?

3. How did Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky incorporate nationalism into his most famous works?

1. How did Romantic composers use folk melodies and national traditions in their compositions?

2. What made Richard Wagner's operas innovative in form, and how did he combine content and musical style?

1. What sources of inspiration did Romantic writers draw from, and how did they differ from Enlightenment approaches?

2. How did Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and William Wordsworth contribute to Romantic literature and cultural nationalism?

3. What themes did Percy Bysshe Shelley and John Keats explore in their poetry?

1. How did Lord Byron's life and beliefs influence his literary work and political activism?

2. What social themes did Victor Hugo and Mary Shelley address in their novels?

1. How did Gustave Courbet's approach to painting challenge European artistic traditions?

2. What did Realist painters like Jean-François Millet and Ilya Repin accomplish through their depictions of ordinary people?

1. How did Honoré de Balzac pioneer literary realism, and what characterized his approach to depicting society?

2. What was naturalism and how did Émile Zola exemplify this movement in his writing?

3. How did Realist writers like Charles Dickens and Thomas Hardy portray the lives of working-class and rural people?

1. What psychological and philosophical dimensions did Fyodor Dostoevsky and Leo Tolstoy bring to their novels?

2. How did George Eliot use her novels to critique middle-class society and domestic life?

1. What were the key characteristics of Impressionism and how did it emphasize light and color?

2. How did Post-Impressionism and Expressionism differ from Impressionism in their approach to emotion and subject matter?

3. What did Fauvism and Cubism accomplish in moving away from realistic representation?

4. How did African art influence the development of Expressionism, Fauvism, and Cubism?

1. How did Claude Monet and Edgar Degas approach Impressionism differently in their work?

2. What techniques did Vincent van Gogh and Paul Cézanne use to move beyond realistic representation?

3. How did Henri Matisse and Pablo Picasso use color, form, and perspective to create innovative modern art?