1. How did Romantic writers, poets, and musicians promote nationalism in the 19th century?

2. What role did folk traditions and common people play in Romantic nationalism?

3. How did figures like the Grimm brothers and Richard Wagner contribute to German nationalism?

1. What is national aggrandizement and how did Johann Gottlieb Fichte promote it?

2. How did Fichte's peaceful nationalist ideas become distorted by later chauvinistic leaders?

1. What is racialism and how was it used to promote nationalism in 19th-century Europe?

1. How did Louis-Napoleon use nationalism and liberal reforms to gain power in France?

2. What public projects did Napoleon III undertake to modernize France and gain popular support?

3. How did Napoleon III's political reforms, such as universal male suffrage, contribute to his popularity despite limiting true political liberty?

1. What major obstacles prevented Italian unification in the early 19th century?

2. What was the significance of Giuseppe Mazzini's Young Italy movement despite its limited military success?

3. How did Camillo di Cavour's role as prime minister of Piedmont-Sardinia advance Italian unification?

1. How did Otto von Bismarck use nationalism and deliberate wars to create a Prussia-dominated Germany?

2. How did Bismarck's political evolution from conservative to nationalist affect his approach to German unification?

1. What was the Ausgleich of 1867 and how did it attempt to address Hungarian nationalism?

2. How did the dual monarchy structure recognize Hungarian political power while maintaining imperial unity?

3. What problems remained in Austria-Hungary despite the dual monarchy's recognition of Hungarian autonomy?

1. How did the Christian Social Party in Germany and Austria use antisemitism to build political support?

2. What was the relationship between Karl Lueger's antisemitic policies and later European political movements?

1. What was the Dreyfus Affair and how did antisemitism influence the trial and conviction of Alfred Dreyfus?

2. How did the Dreyfus Affair demonstrate that legal emancipation did not eliminate antisemitism in Western Europe?

3. What impact did the Dreyfus Affair have on Jewish communities throughout Western Europe?

1. What is Zionism and what motivated Theodore Herzl to advocate for a Jewish nation-state?

2. How did the Dreyfus Affair influence Herzl's thinking about the need for a Jewish homeland?

3. Why did Herzl and his followers eventually focus on Palestine as the location for a Jewish state?