AP European History AMSCO Guided Notes
7.3: National Unification and Diplomatic Tensions
AMSCO Guided Notes
AP European History Guided Notes
AMSCO 7.3 - National Unification and Diplomatic Tensions
Essential Questions
- What factors resulted in Italian unification and German unification?
I. The Crimean War
A. Causes of the Crimean War
1. What were the religious and political reasons that France, Russia, Great Britain, and the Ottoman Empire fought the Crimean War?
2. Why did Great Britain oppose Russian expansion during the Crimean War?
3. What role did Piedmont-Sardinia play in the Crimean War and what did it hope to gain?
B. Mass Politics and Warfare
1. How did technological and social changes allow civilians to follow the Crimean War more closely than previous European conflicts?
2. How did increased public awareness of the Crimean War affect government decision-making?
C. Effects of the War
1. What did the Crimean War reveal about the Ottoman Empire and European military technology?
2. How did the Crimean War influence Tsar Alexander II's policies toward Russia?
II. National Unification Movements
A. Cavour and Garibaldi Unify Italy
1. Cavour's Diplomatic Strategy
1. What is realpolitik and how did Cavour use it to advance Piedmont's interests?
2. How did Cavour's war with Austria in 1859 contribute to Italian unification?
3. What were Cavour's major accomplishments as prime minister of Piedmont?
2. The Heroic Garibaldi
1. How did Garibaldi's military campaigns in southern Italy contribute to unification?
2. Why did Garibaldi choose to hand over southern Italy to King Victor Emmanuel II rather than attack Rome?
3. Italian Unification Completed
1. How was Italian unification completed in 1871 and what role did the Franco-Prussian War play?
B. Bismarck's Realpolitik Unites Germany
1. How did Bismarck's approach to German unification differ from Cavour's approach to Italian unification?
2. What was kleindeutsch and why did Bismarck prefer this vision of German unification?
C. Bismarck's Successful Foreign Policy
1. What were the three wars Bismarck used to unify Germany and what territory did each war gain?
2. How did the Franco-Prussian War complete German unification?
D. Bismarck's Domestic Policy
1. What economic and technological innovations did Germany develop under Bismarck's leadership?
2. What was the 'iron and rye' tariff and why did Bismarck implement it?
3. How did Bismarck respond to opposition from Catholics and socialists in Germany?
E. Bismarck's Dismissal
1. What was Bismarck's strategy for maintaining German power after unification and how did Kaiser Wilhelm II change this approach?
III. A New Diplomatic Order
A. Alliances Increase Tension
1. Bismarck's Alliance System
1. What were the main goals of Bismarck's alliance system and which nations did he ally with?
2. How did the Three Emperors' League and the Reinsurance Treaty attempt to prevent conflict in Europe?
2. Congress of Berlin
1. What did Bismarck hope to accomplish at the Congress of Berlin and what were the actual results?
3. Alliances Create Tension
1. How did Kaiser Wilhelm II's foreign policy differ from Bismarck's and what alliances formed as a result?
2. How did the Triple Alliance and Triple Entente increase tensions in Europe despite being designed to maintain peace?
B. Nationalist Conflicts in the Balkans
1. Ethnic Tensions
1. Why was the Balkans a region of ethnic tension and how did Pan-Slavism influence the region?
2. Annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina
1. Why did Austria-Hungary annex Bosnia-Herzegovina in 1908 and how did this action affect regional tensions?
3. Serbian Nationalism
1. How did Serbian nationalism develop and what role did radical nationalist groups like the Black Hand play?
4. The Balkan Wars
1. What caused the two Balkan Wars and how did they escalate nationalist tensions in the region?
Key Terms
Crimean War
Victor Emmanuel II
realpolitik
Giuseppe Garibaldi
Kaiser Wilhelm II
Three Emperors' League
Reinsurance Treaty
Dual Alliance
Triple Alliance
Congress of Berlin
Entente Cordiale
Triple Entente
Balkans
Bosnia-Herzegovina
Balkan Wars