Dominant Function

Definition

The dominant function refers to the harmonic role played by the dominant chord, typically built on the fifth degree of a scale, which creates a strong tendency to resolve to the tonic chord. This function is crucial in establishing tonal hierarchy and providing a sense of tension and release in music. The dominant function helps create cadences, facilitates voice leading, and allows for tonicization of other chords through secondary leading tone chords.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. The dominant function is primarily associated with the V chord (dominant) and its ability to lead into the I chord (tonic), creating a strong resolution.
2. In functional harmony, the dominant seventh chord (V7) is commonly used to intensify this resolution by introducing a leading tone that resolves upward to the tonic.
3. Dominant functions are not limited to major keys; they can also be found in minor keys where the V chord leads to the tonic.
4. Secondary dominants can act as temporary dominants for diatonic chords other than the tonic, allowing for brief tonicization of those chords.
5. Cadential 6/4 chords can serve as embellishments in the dominant function by prolonging the tension before resolving to the tonic.

Review Questions

• How does the dominant function contribute to creating tension and resolution in harmonic progressions?
  • The dominant function plays a critical role in establishing tension within harmonic progressions by utilizing the V chord, which creates a strong pull toward the tonic (I). This tension is heightened when employing a dominant seventh chord (V7), as it includes additional notes that resolve upward. As composers use this function effectively, it creates a satisfying sense of release when resolving back to the tonic, reinforcing tonal stability.
• Analyze how secondary dominants utilize the concept of dominant function to achieve tonicization in music.
  • Secondary dominants employ the concept of dominant function by introducing a V chord that leads to a chord other than the tonic, effectively treating that chord as if it were the tonic for a moment. This approach allows composers to temporarily emphasize different chords within a progression, enriching harmonic texture and providing varied resolutions. By using this technique, composers can create exciting shifts in tonality while still maintaining coherence within their work.
• Evaluate the effectiveness of cadential 6/4 chords in relation to dominant function and their role in harmonic cadences.
  • Cadential 6/4 chords are particularly effective because they create a momentary suspension before resolving into the dominant chord, amplifying the tension associated with the dominant function. By placing these 6/4 chords just before a V or V7 chord, composers can prolong harmonic motion and enhance listener anticipation for resolution. This technique can strengthen cadences, making them feel more conclusive while utilizing the inherent pull of the dominant function towards establishing tonic stability.

Related terms

Dominant Seventh Chord:

A four-note chord consisting of a root, major third, perfect fifth, and minor seventh that enhances the dominant function by adding additional tension that resolves to the tonic.

Tonicization:

The process of temporarily establishing a chord other than the tonic as the new tonic, often achieved through the use of dominant chords or leading tone chords.

Cadence:

A musical phrase-ending structure that provides a sense of closure or pause, often featuring dominant to tonic resolutions.