1. What negative factors pushed Europeans to emigrate from their home countries?

2. What positive factors attracted immigrants to the United States, and how did technological changes facilitate immigration?

1. Where did "old" immigrants come from and what characteristics made it easier for them to assimilate into American society?

2. What discrimination did Irish and German Roman Catholics face despite being considered "old" immigrants?

1. How did the national origins and characteristics of immigrants change beginning in the 1890s?

2. What were "birds of passage" and why did many "new" immigrants adopt this pattern?

1. What triggered Chinese immigration to the United States and how did the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 affect Asian immigration?

2. Which Asian immigrants were able to continue immigrating after 1917 and 1924 restrictions, and why?

1. How did mass transportation contribute to residential segregation by income and class in late 19th-century cities?

2. What were streetcar suburbs and who moved to them, and what did this exodus mean for older sections of cities?

1. What housing conditions did immigrants face in tenement neighborhoods, and what was the dumbbell tenement designed to address?

2. What functions did ethnic neighborhoods serve for immigrant communities despite their poor conditions?

3. How did the growth of "new" immigrant populations after 1865 affect nativist sentiment and immigration policy?