| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| communist revolution | A violent or rapid political upheaval resulting in the establishment of a communist government and restructuring of society along communist principles. |
| land-based empires | Empires that expanded and maintained control through territorial conquest and direct governance of contiguous lands, such as the Ottoman, Russian, and Qing empires. |
| maritime empires | Empires that expanded and maintained control through naval power and overseas colonial possessions rather than contiguous territorial expansion. |
| Mexican Revolution | A major uprising in Mexico that arose from political crisis and challenged the existing political and social order in the early 20th century. |
| Ottoman Empire | A major Islamic empire that ruled from the 14th to early 20th century and was predominantly Sunni Muslim. |
| political crisis | A severe breakdown in governmental authority and legitimacy that can lead to revolutionary change. |
| Qing Empire | A land-based Chinese empire that collapsed in the early 20th century due to internal and external factors. |
| Russian Empire | A land-based empire that collapsed in the early 20th century, leading to communist revolution in Russia. |
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| alliance system | A network of formal agreements between nations to provide mutual military support and defense, which played a key role in escalating World War I. |
| imperialist expansion | The process by which powerful nations extended their control over foreign territories and peoples to acquire resources and political influence. |
| nationalism | A political ideology emphasizing loyalty to one's nation and the desire for national independence and self-determination. |
| regional conflicts | Localized disputes between neighboring nations or groups within specific geographic areas that contributed to broader international tensions. |
| territorial conflicts | Disputes between nations over control of land and geographic regions, which heightened tensions in the lead-up to World War I. |
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| military technology | New weapons and equipment developed during WWI, such as tanks, poison gas, and aircraft, that increased casualty rates. |
| mobilize | To organize and prepare populations, resources, and military forces for war. |
| nationalism | A political ideology emphasizing loyalty to one's nation and the desire for national independence and self-determination. |
| political propaganda | Information or messaging created and distributed by governments to influence public opinion and support for war efforts. |
| total war | A form of warfare in which governments mobilize all of a nation's resources and population, including civilians, to support the war effort. |
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| economic crisis | A severe disruption in economic activity, characterized by widespread unemployment, falling prices, and reduced production, such as occurred after 1900. |
| fascist corporatist economy | An economic system in fascist Italy and Germany where the state controlled major industries and organized economic activity through state-directed corporations. |
| Five Year Plans | Soviet economic programs that centrally planned and directed the national economy, often implemented with repressive policies. |
| government intervention | Active involvement by the state in economic affairs, including regulation, control, or management of economic activity. |
| Great Depression | The severe global economic crisis of the 1930s that destabilized economies and contributed to the rise of authoritarian regimes. |
| New Deal | A series of U.S. government programs and policies implemented in response to the Great Depression to provide relief, recovery, and reform. |
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| anti-imperial resistance | Organized opposition and movements against imperial rule and colonial control. |
| changes | Transformations or alterations in conditions, control, or status over time. |
| colonial holdings | Territories and regions controlled and administered by imperial powers as colonies. |
| conquest | The acquisition of territory through military force or warfare. |
| continuities | Elements, patterns, or conditions that remain unchanged or persist over time. |
| empires | Large political units that extended control over diverse populations and territories through conquest or colonization. |
| Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere | Japan's imperial ideology and territorial expansion program aimed at creating a Japanese-dominated economic and political bloc in East and Southeast Asia. |
| Indian National Congress | A major political organization in India that led anti-imperial resistance and the independence movement against British colonial rule. |
| League of Nations mandates | A system established after World War I where the League of Nations assigned former enemy territories to Allied powers to administer as trustees. |
| Manchukuo | A puppet state established by Japan in Manchuria in 1932 as part of Japanese imperial expansion. |
| territorial holdings | The geographic areas and colonies controlled and governed by a state or empire. |
| treaty settlement | The formal agreement between nations that determines territorial boundaries and control following conflict. |
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| fascism | An authoritarian ideology emphasizing national power and state control, used by totalitarian governments to mobilize resources for war. |
| Great Depression | The severe global economic crisis of the 1930s that destabilized economies and contributed to the rise of authoritarian regimes. |
| imperialism | The policy and practice of extending a country's power and influence over other territories and peoples, typically through colonization and military force. |
| militarism | The policy of building up military strength and using military force as an instrument of national policy. |
| Nazi Germany | Germany under the fascist regime of Adolf Hitler, characterized by aggressive expansion and militarism that led to World War II. |
| peace settlement | The formal agreement and terms imposed to end World War I, which created conditions that contributed to World War II. |
| totalitarianism | A system of government that exercises complete control over all aspects of public and private life. |
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| atomic bomb | A new military technology developed during WWII that used nuclear fission to create an extremely destructive weapon. |
| communism | A political and economic ideology advocating for a classless society where resources and means of production are collectively owned. |
| fascism | An authoritarian ideology emphasizing national power and state control, used by totalitarian governments to mobilize resources for war. |
| fire-bombing | A military tactic involving the dropping of incendiary bombs to create widespread fires and destruction in enemy territories. |
| nationalism | A political ideology emphasizing loyalty to one's nation and the desire for national independence and self-determination. |
| political propaganda | Information or messaging created and distributed by governments to influence public opinion and support for war efforts. |
| total war | A form of warfare in which governments mobilize all of a nation's resources and population, including civilians, to support the war effort. |
| totalitarian state | A government that exercises complete control over all aspects of citizens' lives, including repression of basic freedoms. |
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| ethnic violence | Violent conflict between groups based on ethnic or racial identity. |
| extremist groups | Political or ideological organizations that advocate for radical change and often employ violence to achieve their goals. |
| genocide | The deliberate and systematic attempt to destroy an entire ethnic, religious, or national group of people. |
| Holocaust | The systematic, state-sponsored persecution and murder of six million Jews by Nazi Germany during World War II. |
| mass atrocities | Large-scale violent acts committed against civilian populations, causing widespread death and suffering. |
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| communist revolution | A violent or rapid political upheaval resulting in the establishment of a communist government and restructuring of society along communist principles. |
| global conflict | Widespread armed disputes and wars involving multiple nations or regions during the period from 1900 to the present. |
| land-based empires | Empires that expanded and maintained control through territorial conquest and direct governance of contiguous lands, such as the Ottoman, Russian, and Qing empires. |
| maritime empires | Empires that expanded and maintained control through naval power and overseas colonial possessions rather than contiguous territorial expansion. |
| Mexican Revolution | A major uprising in Mexico that arose from political crisis and challenged the existing political and social order in the early 20th century. |
| Ottoman Empire | A major Islamic empire that ruled from the 14th to early 20th century and was predominantly Sunni Muslim. |
| political order | The system of governance and power relationships that organize states and societies at local, regional, or global levels. |
| Qing Empire | A land-based Chinese empire that collapsed in the early 20th century due to internal and external factors. |
| Russian Empire | A land-based empire that collapsed in the early 20th century, leading to communist revolution in Russia. |
| science and technology | Systematic knowledge and practical applications that altered understanding of the universe and natural world from 1900 to present. |
| Western dominance | The political, economic, and cultural supremacy of Western nations in the global order at the beginning of the 20th century. |