Allopatric speciation is a mode of speciation that occurs when biological populations become geographically isolated from each other to an extent that prevents or interferes with genetic interchange.
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Geographic Isolation: This refers to a population of animals, plants, or other organisms that are separated from exchanging genetic material with other organisms of the same species.
This is variation in the relative frequency of different genotypes in a small population, owing to the chance disappearance of particular genes as individuals die or do not reproduce.