1. Why did the abolition of the African slave trade lead to a decline in slavery in most of the Americas?

2. What was unique about slavery in the United States compared to other American nations after the slave trade was abolished?

1. What was indentured servitude and how did it serve as an alternative to slavery?

2. How did indentured laborers from India influence the demographics and cultures of places like Mauritius, Fiji, and Trinidad?

1. Why did European imperial powers turn to Chinese and Indian contract laborers, and what was their experience like?

2. What international actions led to the end of the Asian contract labor trade between 1855 and 1877?

1. Why did Britain establish a penal colony in Australia and what types of labor did convicts perform there?

2. How did the discovery of gold in Australia in 1851 and the end of convict transportation in 1850 change Australia's development?

1. Where did France establish penal colonies and what was the experience of prisoners in these locations?

1. Why did Indians emigrate from the subcontinent and where did they primarily migrate to?

2. How did the kangani and maistry systems differ in recruiting and organizing Indian laborers in Southeast Asia?

1. What factors prompted Chinese emigration beginning in the mid-19th century and where did most Chinese migrants go?

2. How did the Opium War and the Taiping Rebellion contribute to increased Chinese emigration?

1. What political, religious, and economic factors drove Irish emigration during the 18th and 19th centuries?

2. How did the Great Famine of 1845-1849 affect Irish emigration patterns and where did Irish emigrants primarily settle?

1. What were the main reasons for Italian emigration after 1861 and where did most Italian emigrants go?

2. How did remittances sent by Italian emigrants back to Italy encourage further emigration?

1. What role did British engineers and geologists play in spreading Western science and technology to colonial territories?

1. Who were the British settlers in Argentina and what economic roles did they play in the country's development?

1. What was the purpose of Japan's Colonization Society and where did it attempt to send Japanese settlers?

2. How did anti-immigrant sentiment toward Japanese people in the United States lead to the Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907?