1. What is motivation and what four components does it involve?

2. Why do psychologists often focus on specific behaviors when studying motivation?

1. What are the four factors in Clark Hull's drive-reduction theory and how do they interact?

2. How does drive reduction help maintain homeostasis in the body?

3. What are the limitations of drive-reduction theory in explaining human motivation?

1. What does arousal theory propose about the relationship between arousal levels and motivation?

2. What is the Yerkes-Dodson law and how does it explain the relationship between arousal and performance?

3. How do individual characteristics and task difficulty affect optimal arousal levels?

1. What are the three fundamental psychological needs identified by self-determination theory?

2. How do intrinsic and extrinsic motivation differ, and which is generally associated with better outcomes?

3. How might joining a school club fulfill the three psychological needs described in self-determination theory?

1. How do drives and incentives differ in their effects on behavior?

2. What factors determine the incentive value of a goal or reward?

3. What are the limitations of incentive theory in explaining human motivation?

1. What is an instinct and what are examples of human instinct-like behaviors?

2. What is the fight-flight-freeze response and how does it relate to instinct theory?

3. Why is instinct theory insufficient for explaining most complex human behaviors?

1. What is sensation-seeking and what four components make up this trait?

2. How do thrill-seeking and experience-seeking differ in the types of experiences they pursue?

3. What are disinhibition and boredom susceptibility, and how do they motivate behavior?

1. What is Kurt Lewin's motivational conflicts theory and what psychological tension does it describe?

2. What are the three types of motivational conflicts and how do they differ?

3. Provide an example of each type of motivational conflict and explain what makes each one challenging.

1. What are the two parts of the hunger signal and what hormones are involved in each?

2. How do ghrelin and leptin work together to regulate hunger and satiety?

3. What role does the hypothalamus play in regulating hunger and energy balance?

4. How might disruptions in ghrelin and leptin signaling contribute to eating disorders and obesity?

1. What are external eating cues and what are examples of signals that trigger eating behavior?

2. How does classical conditioning create learned associations between environmental stimuli and hunger?

3. How do stress and emotional states influence food choices and eating behaviors?

4. What role does culture play in determining which foods are preferred and considered appropriate?

5. How do social situations and family practices influence eating patterns and food intake?