1. What is learning and what types of behavior changes are NOT considered learning?

2. What is the tabula rasa concept and how did it influence behaviorist thinking about human development?

3. What is conditioning and how does it relate to associative learning?

1. What is classical conditioning and what did Pavlov discover about the salivary reflex in dogs?

1. What is the difference between an unconditioned stimulus and a conditioned stimulus?

2. What is the difference between an unconditioned response and a conditioned response?

3. What is acquisition and how does contiguity affect the strength of a learned association?

4. How do advertisers use classical conditioning principles to influence consumer behavior?

1. What is stimulus discrimination and how does it differ from stimulus generalization?

2. How does stimulus generalization explain why military veterans with PTSD may fear sounds similar to combat-related noises?

1. What was Watson's research question in the Little Albert study and what stimulus did he use to condition fear?

2. How did Little Albert's fear response demonstrate both conditioning and stimulus generalization?

1. What is higher order conditioning and how does it add complexity to the basic classical conditioning model?

2. How can higher order conditioning explain why certain smells or images trigger emotional responses without conscious awareness?

1. What is extinction and how does repeatedly presenting the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus affect the conditioned response?

2. What is spontaneous recovery and what does it reveal about whether learning truly disappears during extinction?

1. What is counterconditioning and how did Mary Cover Jones use it to treat phobias?

2. How might classical conditioning explain test anxiety and what role does counterconditioning play in reducing it?

1. What is taste aversion and why does it occur after only one pairing of food with illness?

2. How did Garcia's radiation experiments challenge previous assumptions about the timing between the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus?

3. What is biological preparedness and how does it explain why humans and animals rapidly learn certain fears?

4. How do phobias and taste aversions demonstrate that organisms are biologically prepared to learn certain associations more easily than others?

1. What is habituation and how does it differ from extinction in classical conditioning?

2. How does habituation allow organisms to adapt to their environment and allocate attention to relevant stimuli?