1. What is language and why is it considered a social construct rather than something natural or inherent?

2. How do vocabulary, grammar, syntax, and semantics work together to enable effective communication?

3. What would happen to cultural transmission and social interaction if people did not have collective agreement on language systems?

1. What is a phoneme and how many phonemes does English use?

2. How do morphemes differ from phonemes, and what are examples of morphemes in the word 'unkindness'?

1. What does it mean that language is generative, and how does this allow speakers to create sentences never spoken before?

2. What does the case of Nim Chimpsky reveal about whether animals can develop true generative language?

1. What is myelination and how does its development in Wernicke's area and Broca's area relate to language development?

1. What role do nonverbal manual gestures play in language development, and how do they precede and complement verbal communication?

2. How do infants use gestures like reaching and pointing to communicate before they develop verbal skills?

1. What is the cooing stage and what sounds do infants produce during this phase of language development?

2. How do caregiver responses to cooing contribute to both language learning and social development?

3. What is the babbling stage and how does it differ from cooing in terms of the sounds infants produce?

1. What is the one-word or holophrastic stage, and how can a single word express a complete idea?

1. What is telegraphic speech and what types of words do children typically use during the two-word stage?

2. What is overgeneralization and why do children apply grammar rules to words where they do not apply?

1. What language milestones do children achieve between ages 6 and 10, and what percentage of language do they master by this age?

2. How does language acquisition change after age 5, and what is the critical period for learning language?

3. Why is language learned after age 9 generally less fluent than that of native speakers?

1. What is the difference between additive bilingualism and subtractive bilingualism?

2. What are the social benefits and drawbacks for people who maintain their language of origin through additive bilingualism?

3. How can subtractive bilingualism affect a person's sense of ethnic identity and family relationships?

1. What was the procedure in Wendell Johnson's study, and what did the results reveal about the causes of stuttering?

2. Why would a modern IRB be unlikely to approve this study today, and what ethical principles does it violate?