1. What is the microsystem and what types of relationships and environments does it include?

2. How do microsystem relationships directly influence an individual's experiences and development?

1. What is the mesosystem and how does it differ from the microsystem?

2. How can connections between microsystems, such as between parents and teachers, affect child development?

1. What is the exosystem and what types of environments does it include?

2. How can events in the exosystem, such as a parent's job loss, indirectly affect a child's development?

1. What is the macrosystem and what cultural and societal factors does it encompass?

2. How do cultural norms and values within the macrosystem shape individual development and opportunities?

1. What is the chronosystem and how does it recognize the role of time in development?

2. How can the same life event have different impacts depending on when it occurs in a person's development?

1. What are the characteristics of authoritarian parenting and how do authoritarian parents enforce rules?

2. What are the typical outcomes for children raised by authoritarian parents in terms of self-esteem and decision-making?

1. What are the two types of permissive parenting and how do they differ in their approach to parenting?

2. What behavioral outcomes are typical for children raised by rejecting-neglecting versus permissive-indulgent parents?

1. What are the key characteristics of authoritative parenting and how do authoritative parents balance rules with responsiveness?

2. What are the typical outcomes for children raised by authoritative parents and why is this style considered most effective?

1. What factors other than parenting style influence parent-child relationships and children's behavior?

2. What are the limitations of Baumrind's parenting research and why is cross-cultural research important?

1. What is attachment and why did John Bowlby believe that attachment behavior in infants is innate?

2. How do early infant behaviors such as grasping and seeking closeness contribute to attachment formation?

1. What is the strange situation test and what did Mary Ainsworth use it to investigate?

2. What are separation anxiety and stranger anxiety, and how do they relate to secure attachment?

3. What are the three types of insecure attachment and how does each type differ in how children respond to caregiver separation and reunion?

1. What did Harry Harlow's research with surrogate mothers reveal about the basis of mother-infant bonding?

2. What did Harlow's isolation experiments demonstrate about the importance of attachment for infant development?

3. What are the criticisms of Harlow's research and what do his findings suggest about contact comfort?

1. How do attachment styles differ between collectivistic and individualistic cultures?

2. What role do extended family members and community caregiving play in attachment formation in different cultures?

1. What is parallel play and what social skills do children develop through this type of play?

2. What is pretend play and how does it contribute to social, emotional, and cognitive development?

3. How do cooperative activities and shared interests during older childhood foster social skill development?

1. What is adolescent egocentrism and how does it affect teenagers' relationships with parents and peers?

2. What are personal fables and imaginary audiences, and how might they influence adolescent behavior?

3. Why are healthy parent-teen relationships important and what advantages do they provide?

4. How does peer influence change during adolescence and what are both positive and negative effects of peer pressure?

5. What is cyberbullying and why might it be particularly difficult for teens to manage?

1. What is the social clock and how does it shape the timing of major life events across different cultures?

2. How do Western cultures with individualistic values differ from traditional cultures in their approach to the transition to adulthood?

3. What are rites of passage and how do they mark the transition to adulthood in different cultures?

4. What are the arguments for and against the prolonged transition to adulthood in Western societies?

1. How do childhood attachment styles influence the formation of adult relationships and families?

2. What outcomes do individuals with secure attachment styles typically experience in adult relationships?

3. How can anxious, avoidant, and disorganized attachment styles from childhood manifest in adult relationships?

1. What is the trust and mistrust stage and what virtue develops from successful resolution of this crisis?

2. What is the autonomy and shame and doubt stage and how do parental responses affect toddler development?

3. What is the initiative and guilt stage and how do children's experiences with self-initiated activities affect their development?

4. What is the industry and inferiority stage and how do children's academic and social comparisons affect their sense of competence?

1. What is the identity and role confusion stage and what does successful resolution of this crisis involve?

2. What is the intimacy and isolation stage and why is it important for young adults to develop close relationships?

3. What is the generativity and stagnation stage and how do middle-aged adults achieve generativity?

4. What is the integrity and despair stage and what do older adults reflect on during this final stage?

1. What are the main criticisms of Erikson's stage theory of psychosocial development?

1. How do cultural differences affect the frequency and recognition of adverse childhood experiences?

2. What sociocultural factors influence how people recover from ACEs and access support?

1. What is identity diffusion and what characterizes adolescents in this status?

2. What is identity foreclosure and how does it differ from identity achievement?

3. What is identity moratorium and what role does exploration play in this status?

4. What is identity achievement and what does it mean for an adolescent to have resolved their identity crisis?

1. What factors contribute to identity formation during adolescence and early adulthood?

2. What are possible selves and how do they relate to identity exploration?

3. Why might identity formation continue into adulthood and what life changes might prompt identity reevaluation?

1. How do multicultural individuals navigate multiple layers of identity including ethnicity, culture, and nationality?

2. What unique challenges and pressures do multicultural individuals face during identity formation?

3. How can successfully integrating multiple cultural identities benefit individuals and their understanding of the world?