4.2 Psychological Theories of Crime
4 min read•july 22, 2024
Psychological theories explore how our minds shape criminal behavior. From to learned behaviors and distorted thinking, these approaches unpack the mental processes behind crime. They highlight how personality traits, mental disorders, and childhood experiences can increase the risk of criminal acts.
suggests we pick up criminal behavior by watching and imitating others. This explains how family, peers, and media can influence our likelihood of committing crimes. While these theories offer valuable insights, they're just one piece of the complex puzzle of criminal behavior.
Psychological Approaches to Explaining Criminal Behavior
Psychological theories of crime
Top images from around the web for Psychological theories of crime
Freud and the Psychodynamic Perspective | Introduction to Psychology View original
Is this image relevant?
Freud and the Psychodynamic Perspective | Introduction to Psychology – Reinke View original
Is this image relevant?
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy | Introduction to Psychology View original
Is this image relevant?
Freud and the Psychodynamic Perspective | Introduction to Psychology View original
Is this image relevant?
Freud and the Psychodynamic Perspective | Introduction to Psychology – Reinke View original
Is this image relevant?
1 of 3
Top images from around the web for Psychological theories of crime
Freud and the Psychodynamic Perspective | Introduction to Psychology View original
Is this image relevant?
Freud and the Psychodynamic Perspective | Introduction to Psychology – Reinke View original
Is this image relevant?
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy | Introduction to Psychology View original
Is this image relevant?
Freud and the Psychodynamic Perspective | Introduction to Psychology View original
Is this image relevant?
Freud and the Psychodynamic Perspective | Introduction to Psychology – Reinke View original
Is this image relevant?
1 of 3
- Psychodynamic theories emphasize the role of unconscious desires, conflicts (Oedipus complex), and early childhood experiences (abuse, neglect) in shaping criminal behavior suggesting that unresolved psychological issues can lead to criminal acts as a means of coping or expressing inner turmoil
- Behavioral theories focus on the role of learning and reinforcement in the development of criminal behavior proposing that criminal behavior is learned through observation, imitation (), and reinforcement of deviant acts (positive reinforcement for stealing) while emphasizing the influence of environmental factors and conditioning on criminal behavior
- Cognitive theories highlight the role of thought processes, beliefs (), and decision-making in criminal behavior suggesting that distorted thinking patterns, such as minimizing consequences (underestimating risks) or rationalizing actions (neutralizing guilt), contribute to criminal behavior while emphasizing the importance of cognitive schemas and information processing in shaping criminal behavior
Personality and crime factors
- Certain personality traits, such as (acting without thinking), (thrill-seeking), and (disregard for others' feelings), have been associated with increased risk of criminal behavior
- , characterized by a disregard for social norms and the rights of others (violation of laws, deceitfulness), is particularly linked to criminal behavior
- Some mental disorders, such as (persistent violation of rules) and (defiance towards authority figures), are associated with an increased risk of criminal behavior, especially in youth
- can contribute to criminal behavior through the effects of intoxication (impaired judgment), addiction (compulsive drug-seeking), and the need to obtain substances (theft, prostitution)
- , such as abuse (physical, sexual), neglect (emotional, physical), and exposure to violence (domestic violence), can increase the risk of criminal behavior later in life
- Poor parenting practices, such as lack of supervision (inadequate monitoring) and inconsistent discipline (erratic punishment), can contribute to the development of antisocial behavior
- Developmental delays or intellectual disabilities may increase vulnerability to criminal behavior, particularly when combined with other (peer rejection, poor academic performance)
Social learning in criminal behavior
- Social learning theory proposes that criminal behavior is learned through observation and imitation of others, particularly influential role models (family members, peers)
- Suggests that individuals are more likely to engage in criminal behavior if they associate with others who engage in and approve of such behavior (delinquent peer groups)
- Exposure to criminal behavior through family members, peers, or media (violent video games, movies) can provide models for imitation and normalize deviant behavior
- Observing the rewards (financial gain, social status) or lack of punishment for criminal behavior can reinforce the likelihood of engaging in similar acts
- suggests that the more an individual associates with others who engage in criminal behavior, the more likely they are to adopt similar attitudes and behaviors
- Emphasizes the role of social networks and peer influence in the transmission of criminal values (techniques for committing crimes) and techniques
Evidence for psychological explanations
- Studies have consistently found associations between certain personality traits, such as impulsivity and lack of empathy, and criminal behavior
- However, the strength of these associations varies, and not all individuals with these traits engage in criminal behavior
- Research has shown higher rates of certain mental disorders, such as conduct disorder and antisocial personality disorder, among criminal populations
- However, the majority of individuals with mental disorders do not engage in criminal behavior, and other factors, such as substance abuse and social disadvantage, often co-occur
- Studies have found that exposure to criminal behavior through family, peers, and media is associated with increased risk of engaging in similar behavior
- Longitudinal studies have shown that association with delinquent peers predicts later criminal behavior, even after controlling for other risk factors (socioeconomic status, family structure)
- Psychological explanations of crime often focus on individual factors and may neglect the role of broader social, economic, and cultural influences (poverty, discrimination)
- The relationship between psychological factors and criminal behavior is complex and multifaceted, and no single theory can fully explain all criminal behavior
- Psychological theories may have limited ability to predict or prevent criminal behavior at an individual level, and should be considered alongside other approaches to understanding crime (sociological, biological)
Developmental and Social Influences on Criminal Behavior
Key Terms to Review (19)
Adverse Childhood Experiences: Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) are traumatic events that occur during childhood, such as abuse, neglect, or household dysfunction, which can have long-lasting negative effects on physical and mental health. These experiences are linked to an increased risk of various issues in adulthood, including criminal behavior and psychological disorders, revealing critical pathways in understanding how early trauma influences later life outcomes.
Antisocial personality disorder: Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) is a mental health condition characterized by a long-term pattern of disregard for the rights of others, often manifesting as deceitfulness, impulsivity, irritability, and a lack of remorse. Individuals with ASPD may engage in criminal behavior and have difficulty forming healthy relationships. This disorder is particularly relevant when examining psychological theories of crime, as it offers insights into the motivations and behaviors associated with criminal activity.
Behavioral theory: Behavioral theory is a psychological perspective that emphasizes the role of environmental influences on behavior, suggesting that all behaviors are learned through interactions with the environment. This theory is particularly relevant in understanding why certain individuals engage in criminal or delinquent acts, highlighting the significance of reinforcement, punishment, and observational learning in shaping behavior.
Cognitive Theory: Cognitive theory is a psychological framework that emphasizes the role of mental processes in understanding behavior, focusing on how people perceive, think, and remember information. It connects the dots between thought patterns and behavior, suggesting that distorted thinking can lead to negative actions, including criminal behavior. This approach is especially relevant in understanding juvenile delinquency and the psychological underpinnings of crime.
Conduct Disorder: Conduct disorder is a mental health condition diagnosed in children and adolescents characterized by a persistent pattern of behavior that violates societal norms and the rights of others. It often includes aggression towards people and animals, destruction of property, deceitfulness, and serious rule violations. This disorder is significant in understanding the psychological aspects of criminal behavior, as it can lead to an increased risk of future delinquency and adult criminality.
Criminal Personality: Criminal personality refers to a set of psychological traits and characteristics that are commonly found in individuals who engage in criminal behavior. This concept connects to broader psychological theories of crime by suggesting that certain mental or emotional attributes can predispose individuals to commit unlawful acts. Understanding criminal personality helps in identifying potential offenders and tailoring interventions to prevent crime.
Differential association: Differential association is a theory that suggests criminal behavior is learned through interactions with others, particularly within intimate personal groups. It emphasizes that individuals adopt the values, norms, and techniques of those they associate with, making peer influence a significant factor in shaping one's likelihood of engaging in criminal activity. This theory highlights the role of social environment in the development of criminal behavior rather than attributing it solely to individual traits or biological factors.
Distorted thinking patterns: Distorted thinking patterns refer to cognitive distortions that lead individuals to perceive reality in a skewed way, often resulting in negative emotions and behaviors. These patterns can manifest as irrational beliefs or misinterpretations of situations, contributing to maladaptive behaviors, including criminal activity. Understanding these thinking patterns is crucial for psychological theories of crime, as they provide insight into how individuals rationalize their actions and decisions.
Impulsivity: Impulsivity refers to a tendency to act on impulse rather than through careful thought or consideration, often resulting in rash or risky behaviors. This trait is significant in understanding certain psychological conditions, as it is often linked to difficulties in self-control and decision-making processes that can lead to criminal behavior or antisocial actions. Impulsivity can manifest in various ways, such as a lack of foresight, an inclination towards immediate gratification, and difficulty in delaying rewards.
Lack of empathy: Lack of empathy refers to the inability or unwillingness to recognize, understand, or share the feelings and experiences of others. This characteristic is often associated with individuals who display antisocial behaviors or psychopathic traits, which can manifest in their relationships and interactions. People with a lack of empathy may struggle to form meaningful connections, leading to an increased likelihood of engaging in harmful or manipulative behaviors.
Modeling: Modeling is the process of learning behaviors by observing and imitating others, particularly in the context of social interactions. This concept emphasizes how individuals can acquire new behaviors not only through direct experience but also by watching others, leading to the understanding of how environment influences behavior. It plays a crucial role in how individuals internalize norms and values from their social surroundings.
Oppositional Defiant Disorder: Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) is a behavioral disorder characterized by a pattern of angry, irritable mood, argumentative/defiant behavior, or vindictiveness towards authority figures. This disorder often emerges in childhood and is significant in understanding psychological theories of crime as it can lead to increased risk of engaging in delinquent behavior and may contribute to the development of more serious conduct disorders over time.
Psychodynamic Theory: Psychodynamic theory is a psychological perspective that emphasizes the influence of the unconscious mind and early childhood experiences on behavior and personality development. This theory suggests that unresolved conflicts from childhood can manifest in adult behaviors, including criminality, through mechanisms like defense mechanisms and repressed emotions. It connects to the understanding of delinquency and criminal behavior, highlighting how deep-seated psychological issues can contribute to unlawful actions.
Psychological profiling: Psychological profiling is a technique used to identify and understand the psychological characteristics and behavioral patterns of individuals, particularly offenders, based on their actions and traits. This method connects various psychological theories of crime, as it seeks to predict behaviors, motives, and potential future actions by analyzing personality traits, mental disorders, and social backgrounds.
Risk factors: Risk factors are conditions or attributes that increase the likelihood of an individual engaging in criminal behavior or delinquency. Understanding these factors helps to identify at-risk populations and informs prevention and intervention strategies, as they play a crucial role in the developmental pathways that lead to crime.
Sensation-seeking: Sensation-seeking refers to the personality trait characterized by the pursuit of varied, novel, complex, and intense experiences, often accompanied by a willingness to take physical, social, legal, and financial risks. This trait is crucial in understanding certain criminal behaviors, as individuals who score high on sensation-seeking may engage in risky activities that provide them with the excitement or thrill they crave. It connects to psychological theories of crime by highlighting how individual differences in personality can influence criminal behavior and decision-making.
Social Learning Theory: Social Learning Theory posits that individuals learn behaviors, norms, and values through observing others and the consequences of those actions. It emphasizes the role of imitation, modeling, and reinforcement in the development of behavior, especially in the context of social interactions and environments.
Substance use disorders: Substance use disorders refer to a medical condition characterized by an individual's inability to control their use of a substance, leading to significant impairment or distress. This condition can encompass various substances, including alcohol, prescription medications, and illegal drugs, and often involves a cycle of addiction that affects psychological and social functioning.
Unconscious desires: Unconscious desires refer to the hidden, often repressed wants and urges that influence behavior and decision-making without the individual’s awareness. These desires can stem from early childhood experiences and societal conditioning, manifesting in various forms, including emotions and impulses that drive criminal behavior. Understanding unconscious desires helps to illuminate the psychological underpinnings of crime, as they may propel individuals toward actions that are at odds with their conscious values or societal norms.