As we become more technologically advanced and as our beliefs and cultures diffuse across the globe, we develop new agricultural practices. For this section, you should know the earliest and most significant places where plants and animals were first domesticated and understand how these domesticated crops and livestock came to other regions around the world.
*Note: You don’t need to memorize everything that came out of these regions, but do remember Mesopotamia and choose a few bullets to memorize (so that you can use them as examples on the AP HUG FRQ section).
Fertile Crescent/Mesopotamia
Located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers
Crops: Bread grains, grapes, apples, olives, and a variety of others
Animals: Cattle, pigs, sheep, and goats
Hearth of the First (Neolithic) Agricultural Revolution
People transitioned from hunting and gathering to planting and harvesting food, allowing for the first civilizations
2. Nile River Valley
Second urban hearth
Lentils, beans, flax
Cattle, sheep, goats, pigs
3. Indus River Valley
Third urban hearth
Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro
wheat, barely, peas, lentils, mustard, cotton
Sheep, goats, chickens, pigs, cattle, dogs
4. East Asia
China : rice and millet
5. Southwest Asia (mostly Iraq and Saudi Arabia)
Barley, wheat, lentil, olive
Largest number of animals domesticated : pigs, goats, cattle, sheep, dog
6. Central America
Mexico and Peru were major hearths of crop domestication
Mexico : beans and cotton
Peru : potatoes
Maize was one of the most important crops that came from the Americas
7. Sub-Saharan Africa
Sorghum, Yams
🎥 Watch: AP HUG - Agricultural Regions
There were many ways that newly domesticated plants and animals reached other parts of the globe, but the best ones to know about are the Columbian Exchange and the agricultural revolutions*. *I have only provided details of the First Agricultural Revolution in this section because the other two revolutions (the Second Agricultural Revolution and the Green Revolution) will be discussed in the following sections.
1. First (Neolithic) Agricultural Revolution
Transition from hunting and gathering to growing plants and raising livestock -> people began to understand seeds, watering, and plant/animal care
The practices developed overtime and diffused globally largely through contagious diffusion
First spread to Central Asia and eventually across Europe
2. Columbian Exchange
A variety of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies were exchanged between the Americas and and the Eastern hemisphere
People became familiar with new plants and animals as the exchange continued
🎥 Watch: AP HUG - Agriculture Types and Locations
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🙏 Free Reviews 2020
🗺 Unit 1: Thinking Geographically
👪 Unit 2: Population & Migration
🕌 Unit 3: Cultural Patterns & Processes
🗳 Unit 4: Political Patterns & Processes
👨🌾 Unit 5: Agriculture & Rural Land-Use
🌇 Unit 6: Cities & Urban Land-Use
💸 Unit 7: Industrial & Economic Development
🧐 Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ)
✍️ Free Response Questions (FRQ)
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