The one thing you need to know about this theme:

Motivated by a variety of factors, Europe’s interaction with the world led to political, economic, social, and cultural exchanges that influenced both European and non-European societies.

How did Europe’s interactions amongst themselves and Europe’s interactions with the world shape the political, social, cultural, and economic conditions throughout the globe?

In this time period, most of the INT is due to exploration! From the start, Europeans were set on finding new ways to access the Silk Road. New technological inventions, like the 

, allowed for sailors of this time period to do just that. 

, used these newly created sea routes to create colonies that would serve as places to get resources from and places to sell finished goods to. If you look today, places like 

 have a distinctly European flair to them despite being in Asia! While they exploited the locals, Portugal, Spain, and later, 

, would become the strongest powers on the European continent due to their colonies.

Portugal and Spain also got rid of many religious groups that did not coincide with their views such as Muslims and Jews. This ensured stability within the nations and without, so that they could focus on exploration.

, a widescale genocide of many indigenous groups occurred due to the introduction of European diseases, like 

, and murder. However, Europe received new, never before seen goods like tomatoes and corn! Lots and lots of 

The darker, longer version of this is the 

. This was the trade between Europe, Africa, and the Americas that looked like a triangle! Finished goods would head to Africa in exchange for sending slaves to the Americas. These slaves farmed the resources that would be sent to Europe to be finished, and the triangle would repeat.

The rise of exploration and an economic system named 

 saw the rise of cities near the sea like 

. The amount of gold and silver that accumulated in these countries would lead to the Renaissance and the 

Exploration wasn’t the only INT in this time period, though! The three G’s of exploration were 

, and God was a very big issue during this time. 

 would spread Martin Luther’s ideas about reforming the Catholic Church far and wide. As a result, new sects of Christianity would be formed such as 

. These new sects would spread throughout the world as various followers of these sects sought refuge in new lands.

Meanwhile, good ole Spain was focused on establishing itself as the main defender of Catholicism in Europe and the world. The creation of the 

 assisted them with this task as did their colonies in places like the 

Three factors shaped the world during this time: the rivalry between Britain and France, the 

. Ever since the Hundred Years’ War, Britain and France were always trying to be the better nation. Britain was slightly ahead due to the power they gained from their colonies in the New World.

Rulers in this time period tried to effect change in their countries by following Enlightenment ideals. They were known as enlightened monarchs and consisted of people like 

Their new reforms would be the basis for Napoleon’s 

occurred. Inspired by the Enlightenment ideas of 

, the American colonists raised arms against England and were actually winning. France saw the opportunity and supported the colonists’ victory in their fight for independence, effectively embarrassing what was supposedly the strongest army and navy in the world.

What France didn’t expect with the American Revolution was crippling debt. That, combined with unfair taxes, inflated prices, Enlightenment ideas, and numerous other long-term problems led to the 

. This violent revolution would set off a domino effect of revolutions in the future. 

As the Ancien Regime in France crumbled, 

rose. His wide scale conquering of other nations was significantly impacted by the 

that was occurring at the same time. New inventions and innovations completely changed how warfare was conducted throughout Europe and the war. 

What once started in Great Britain as a secret they desperately wanted to keep within the country spread to every developed nation in the world. 

spurred a greater need for resources after countries ran dry and more global markets overseas to sell their cheaper products. 

In this period, the interaction of Europe and the world surrounding it can be boiled down to two main events: 

First, the Congress of Vienna. After Napoleon’s conquering of different nations and subsequent defeat, the monarchies of the time were scared. Well, most of them at least. Led by 

, all of them, except for Britain, wanted to return to the good old days of absolutism. They even established a military alliance that agreed to put down revolutions called the 

The people of the states Napoleon had affected weren’t a big fan of this 

, to put it lightly. Napoleon’s conquest had led to the rise of 

in numerous states. This wave of nationalism that swept over Europe would lead to multiple revolutions (

) and the unification of Germany and Italy. 

While the denizens of various states were revolting against conservatism, European powers were also busy “helping savages”. By that, I mean exploiting Africa and Asia for resources, labor, and economic markets! This was all under the guise of 

, of course. It stripped Africa and Asia of its resources, burdened the domestic economy of those colonies, and led to the underdevelopment of those areas that we see today. The imperialism of the time and rising nationalism, combined with major industrialization, would give rise to what is the clearest example of Europe’s effect on the world!

. This time period has levels of interaction that no other time period can compare to due to 

 and the fact that Europe isn’t the center of the world anymore.

To start off, World War I began in 1914 as a little squabble between Austria-Hungary and Serbia. However, pre existing 

 killed into a global war that would see countries outside of Europe be involved. It would even spur the 

After World War I, the Treaty of Versailles debilitated Germany, split up Austria and Hungary, and saw the Ottoman Empire fade into nothing. However, it did come up with the 

which was meant to serve as an international peacekeeping organization… except that it did nothing to stop the second World War and the U.S. didn’t even join.

One notable result of World War I wasn’t just the end of the last empire but pushes for decolonization. Colonies, like 

, had fought for the Allies and demanded their independence. African colonies, like South Africa, did as well. Their contributions to the war effort, as well 

, caused them to desire autonomy, and eventually independence.

In the period between World War I and World War II was the 

. The depression was worldwide. Unstable spending habits, the destruction caused by World War I, and the huge task of rebuilding took a toll on the people of Europe. Governments relied on outside help, primarily the U.S., for aid and even they couldn’t do much when the Great Depression came for the U.S.

. Sick of fighting, England, Russia, and France all kissed up to Germany. Their economies were still in ruin, like most countries except for the United States. When it became apparent that 

was taking advantage of the situation and breaking his agreements, England and France declared war. Like before, the squabbles in Europe spread far and wide across the globe as Jews fled to other countries to escape the 

, and the U.S. was dragged into the fight once again when Japan’s imperialistic tendencies became too much.

Once World War II ended, two superpowers emerged: the U.S. and Russia (which had become the Soviet Union in World War I). Unfortunately, 

were like oil and water. Each country was concerned that as long as the other existed, the world was in danger. This would lead to the Cold War and a metaphorical 

that separated Western Europe from Eastern Europe. Multiple 

, where there was actual fighting, took place all around the world. They ranged from the 

. More than 50 hot wars occurred during the Cold War! Even though the USSR eventually dissolved, their lingering communist influence can be seen today in countries like Cuba and Laos.

During the Cold War, America and the USSR also had many economic programs that had the same purpose but with different results. Western Europe, under the influence of America, prospered economically while the USSR controlled countries in Eastern Europe fell behind economically. 

After the dissolution of the USSR, efforts were made to unify the countries of Europe. They didn’t want a third World War after all. Starting in 1950, the 

 began unifying European nations politically and economically before becoming the 

, and pop culture, the world is more connected than ever before. Different cultures are being spread faster than ever thanks to increasing rates of 

. Multiple European businesses globalized as well and can be found in countries outside of Europe which led to increased interaction with the world. 

All of the following factors would explain the difference between the GDP of Western European countries and Eastern European countries EXCEPT:

Using your knowledge of European History and the image above, answer the following in complete sentences.

Describe and explain a significant similarity and a significant difference between the old imperialism of 1450-1750 and the new imperialism of 1870-1918.

AP European History Exam

AP Euro Exam Prep 2020 | Reviews + Practice Questions | Fiveable

AP European History

Tom Richey

Free Reviews 2020

Thematic Guides

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Unit 1: Renaissance and Exploration

Unit 2: Age of Reformation

Unit 3: Absolutism and Constitutionalism

Unit 4: Scientific, Philosophical, and Political Developments

Unit 5: Conflict, Crisis, and Reaction in the Late 18th Century

Unit 6: Industrialization and Its Effects

Unit 7: 19th-Century Perspectives and Political Developments

Unit 8: 20th-Century Global Conflicts

Unit 9: Cold War and Contemporary Europe

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Theme 1: INTERACTION OF EUROPE AND THE WORLD (INT) 

Definitions and perceptions of regional, cultural, national, and European identity have developed and been challenged over time, with varied and often profound effects on the political, social, and cultural order in Europe.

How and why were national identities created, developed, and challenged?  

How and why did cultural, regional, and other social identities coexist, challenge, or reinforce national identities and empires? 

How and why did political, economic, and religious developments challenge or reinforce the idea of a unified Europe from 1450 to the present? 

The first unifying factor among all Europeans was the idea of a unified 

. Before nation states emerged or common cultures were propagandized, Europeans had a common foundation in Christianity, more specifically, Catholicism. 

 served as a commonality among all people, a governing force for morality and behavior, a political entity to challenge monarchs, and the final say on any logic based question. While the Church didn’t give a choice in this unity, it did serve to give Europeans a common history and culture. It also served to pit them against those who were not of the Catholic faith like Jews, Muslims, natives, or even those who converted to protestantism after 1517. 

 is a significant challenge to the common identity of Europeans. While Catholicism certainly did not maintain peace within Europe, it was always a commonality that the majority of Europeans shared. 

Lutheranism, Anglicanism, Calvinism, and other protestant faiths challenged the role of the Catholic Church in Europe and different states began to associate themselves with different faiths based on political issues. German states identified as Lutheran to gain more independence from the Holy Roman Empire. England identified as Anglican so King Henry VIII could obtain a divorce and remarry for an heir. Calvinism develops in Switzerland and becomes popular among Huguenots in France. 

The first partition of Christianity in this time period was the 

 in 1555- allowing for German princes to choose Catholicism or Lutheranism for their people. That separation was made permanent by the 

, essentially dissolving the most fundamental piece of European identity. While the Catholic Church worked to maintain their unity with the 

, regional identities had already emerged. 

An example of state building during this time is the unity of Castile and Aragon by the political marriage of 

 in 1469. They established the unified nation of Spain under similar histories, similar languages, and the enforcement of Catholicism as a means of rivaling Spain with other dominant powers in Europe. This unity will be enforced by the 

 and the nation will be bolstered by exploration and colonization. 

led Spain to control South America, Central America, and parts of North America. It led England to control much of North America. Portugal will control West Africa and parts of India. The French will conquer Canada and move into the Ohio River Valley area of North America. These colonization efforts positively affect European economies, but as a hidden agenda, they also create an inferiority complex among Europeans. 

There is a certain element of prejudice that exists between Europeans and the natives they encounter. Europeans see no civilization, no common language, and violence, so they assume the land, resources, and people are for the taking. These actions separate Europe from its conquered world, creating the breeding ground for conflicts in the future.

, people of a nation found unity in obedience to a common monarch. Ideas of rationality💭, the search for knowledge, the interest in citizenship, and the need for enlightened reforms formed a new unity among Europeans. Lower classes began to petition for rights, choices within religion and government, and for their voices to be heard by the government. Writers during this time took two paths: Enlightenment writers proposed reforms and revolutions if necessary. 

, while not necessarily opposed to reforms, focused on harmony within a nation. 

This will force many nations to vie for independence away from European countries, further highlighting the differences between European nations. Countries that had long histories of conflict, such as France and England, will deepen that history during the 

. England will also establish a constitutional monarchy, a bill of rights, and revoke absolutism early during this time period. This establishes an identity within England that is consistent with their parliamentary history, but it didn’t mean everyone had rights yet. 

will introduce a new identity for his people that doesn’t simply rely on a common history and language. He will bring over 300 French law codes together to form the 

, a systematic code of laws for all Frenchmen. He will also continue some revolutionary sentiment of diminishing the power of the Catholic Church to allow religious plurality, decreasing taxes and recognizing the needs of the former third estate, and making France a great European power through his 

The removal of Napoleon as a threat to European sovereignty established by the Peace of Westphalia introduced a new European identity- the 

 in 1815, major European nations established a consistent identity together- one of conservative ideas in opposition to the French and American Revolutions caused by the Enlightenment. The Concert of Europe creates a balance of power in Europe, but specifically for each nation, it establishes authoritarian monarchies as the accepted form of governments to ensure similar identities. 

While this may work for monarchs, it doesn’t work for people who have been heavily influenced by the Enlightenment. Many groups form to promote 

within their respective nations, seeking to end the stronghold of empires in Europe.

Nationalism can be both constructive and destructive. It will build nation states all over the world, including Europe. Examples of 

are the unification of Italy and Germany, and the unity of France after their revolution. Examples of 

 are the end of the Austrian Empire mostly due to the unifications of Italy and Germany, and the destruction of the Ottoman Empire after the focus on sovereignty of nation states after the 

Two other empires are impacted by surges in nationalism as well as the newfound focus on sovereignty of all nations, rather than just the strongest ones.

 opposed the leadership of Tsar Nicholas II, the last Romanov monarch of Russia. Many Russians were starving and had few resources because of the soldiers on the front lines of WWI. Most Russians believed Russia shouldn’t have even been involved in WWI and didn’t understand why their young men were dying in a war that seemed unjustified. The Russian people will unite under the ideas of communism in an effort to challenge their historical identity and overthrow their monarch. And they are successful through the 

Lenin and the Bolsheviks challenged the longstanding monarchy of Russia and instituted a completely new ideology- communism. The policies of Lenin are altered under his successor, 

and enforced with a rigor that is responsible for the deaths of millions of Russians during the interwar period and WWII. 

After WWI, the goal was to ensure there would never be another devastating world war. The Treaty of Versailles established the 

 to ally sovereign nations together, creating an identity of peace in Europe. Their objective was to act as a police force and contain conflict. However, without the monetary and military backing of the United States, one of the only stable countries immediately following WWI, the League of Nations was destined to fail.

After WWII, the League of Nations was replaced by the 

 is simmering and the United States and the Soviet Union have found identities in their ideologies of capitalism and communism. The Cold War had key hotspots in 

. It was during this time that the agreed upon peace by Europeans was tested by conflicts in Asia, but remained steady. The newfound identity in peace superseded personal aspirations of each nation, bringing all nations together for a common goal. 

Today, this identity in peace can be found in the 

 While this peace established in 1993 wasn’t to diffuse conflicts between nations, it did create a common identity among all Europeans, which further fosters peace. With most nations having similar government structures, similar economies, speaking multiple shared languages, and sharing common histories as of the last century, Europe has taken on a continental identity. Currently, that identity is being challenged by 

or the removal of Great Britain from the EU, and the economic issues of Greece, Ukraine, and other eastern European nations. 

“The purpose of the geography curriculum was to come to know the narrower and broader Fatherland and to awaken one’s love of it. . . . From [merely learning the names of] the many rivers and mountains one will not see all the Serbian lands, not even the heroic and unfortunate field of Kosovo [on which the Ottomans defeated the Serbs in 1389]; from the many rivers and mountains children do not see that there are more Serbs living outside Serbia than in Serbia; they do not see that Serbia is surrounded on all sides by Serbian lands; from the many mountains and rivers we do not see that, were it not for the surrounding Serbs, Serbia would be a small island that foreign waves would quickly inundate and destroy; and, if there were no Serbia, the remainder of Serbdom would feel as though it did not have a heart.” 

Report to the Serbian Teachers’ Association, 1911–1912 19. 

Theme 6 (NEI) - National and European Identity 

Scientific and technological innovations have increased efficiency, improved daily life, and shaped human development and interactions, having both intended and unintended consequences.

How did new technological and scientific advances change existing political, economic, social, and religious ideas and institutions? 

How did scientific and technological innovations bring people together and tear them apart?

How and why did people misuse scientific ideas and new technology to justify conquest and oppression?

Beginning in 1450, Europe began experiencing a great deal of change. Through overseas🌊 exploration, contact with the Muslim world, and through the new technology that propelled Europe into influencing other regions rather than being influenced. The main historical process that set the stage for Europe to influence other nations was the Renaissance or “rebirth,” which involved European appreciating ancient Greek and Roman texts that emphasized observation and experimentation, forerunners to the modern scientific method🔬. This influenced Europe to produce paintings, new scientific ideas, create new technology that led them to the Americas, and new technology to spread ideas💭 that divided Europe religiously. 

 created by Johannes Gutenberg around 1450, fundamentally changed the way new ideas and information spread throughout Europe. Even though China had the printing press much earlier, there is no evidence to suggest Gutenberg knew about their printing press. The printing press allows many copies of one document to be created📑, which is a far more efficient and accurate method compared with producing copies by hand. This in turn leads to the spreading of information across vast areas unheard of before its invention, such as Renaissance ideas about the natural world and religious ideas in relation to the Protestant Reformation. 

Another effect of the printing press is the development and spread of vernacular languages. Before, especially regarding religion, Latin was the main written language, which only priests could read. The printing press allowed for documents to be produced in various languages, not just Latin, and this led to the solidification and even formation of national identities. This leads to a more diverse Europe in terms of ideas. 

Gutenberg Printing Press; Image Courtesy of 

“In 1492, Columbus sailed the ocean blue” is a common way to remember the start of European exploration in the late 1400s. By searching for a route to Asia, to circumvent the Muslim world, Columbus “finding” the New World, or the Americas, changes human history in unprecedented ways, both positive➕ and negative➖. His exploration and later European explorers were enabled by new navigation and military technologies as well as improvements in cartography. 

 involves the creation of maps. Maps are essential parts of any form of exploration, and being able to create more detailed and accurate maps enabled explorers to piggy-back off one another to push further and further into the Americas. The increasing complexity of maps throughout this time period led many wealthy individuals to even display maps in their homes, alongside paintings, to showcase their extravagance and perceived intelligence. 

In addition to Cartography, navigational and military technological advances provided Europeans with the necessary advantages to explore, colonize, and establish their empires. The 

 allowed Europeans greater understanding of the direction they were traveling (while in the middle of the ocean) by using the North and South poles magnetic field to pinpoint north, south, east, and west. The 

 gave ships greater maneuverability, and ship captains could ensure they were staying on course (guided by the compass) during long sea voyages. 

Since the lands Europeans encountered were occupied, and with the European desire for exploitation, military technology, such as 

, which Native populations in the Americas did not have, gave Europeans the ability to conquer large empires, such as the Aztecs and Incas. Although disease helped Europeans in their conquest, guns and gunpowder were essential commodities for conquest. 

As Europe transitioned into the 18th century, nations solidified across the continent as competition intensified. Primarily, this resulted in the transition from feudalism into sovereign and centralized nations. Feudalism is more associated with local rulers, but this era in Europe starts to combine local rulers into one larger kingdom. The other transition associated with political centralization is that it may not necessarily be associated with religion. Advances in technology led to more intense and bloodier warfare among these nations. 

In the previous era, advances in military technology, such as guns and gunpowder, were used primarily against non-Europeans. However, in this era, military innovations were used mostly against Europeans themselves. The 

💣, essentially a larger, more powerful, and more destructive version of a firearm, was used in infantry combat as well as to tear down fortification walls. These mobile cannons would even be put on ships for use in naval entanglements. Of course, warfare technology was expensive, thus nations that could collect taxation effectively among their constituents overpowered those nations that could not. 

Evolving from the Renaissance, the Scientific Revolution was the start of modern science in Europe, with an emphasis on the 

 that stressed observation, data collection, forming hypotheses, and testing hypotheses. Thus, the scientific method was used by numerous Europeans to challenge existing ideas as well as create new ways to medically treat the human body. Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes promoted mathematics as a way to more accurately collect and analyze data related to the scientific method. 

Bacon and Descartes went further through the use of inductive and deductive reasoning. Inductive reasoning involves the probability that something is true, and in deductive reasoning, the conclusions are almost certainly true in an experiment. This informs the scientific method in crucial ways by suggesting a great deal of evidence needs to exist in order to say definitively about an idea’s validity. 

In astronomy, Copernicus, Galileo, and Newton developed new theories about the world, universe, and how everything worked. Copernicus proposed the earth revolved around the sun🌞, which challenged religious leaders that invoked Old Testament passages about the sun standing still. Galileo supported Copernicus's interpretation of the universe, stressing a 

 viewpoint (the sun, not earth, is the center). This greatly upset religious leaders that believed the earth was the center of the universe, even leading Galileo to being placed on house-arrest over his views. 

Copernicus’s Heliocentric Universe - Image courtesy of 

A second challenge to tradition came from within the medical field. William Harvey did not believe an earlier physician from the Roman era, Galen, regarding the circulation of blood. Galen believed blood circulated on two one-way tracks in the body. William Harvey, however, challenged that idea by stating the human body had a unified blood circulation🩸, with the heart pumping blood to the brain and throughout the body. 

Despite these challenges, some traditional views persisted, especially for wealthier individuals. 

involved trying to change some metals into other metals as well as try to find ways to cure all illnesses, even old age. 

⭐ focused on studying the stars and how planetary movements influenced human lives. In both alchemy and astrology, scientific principles such as observation did not influence their conclusions. However, the idea of a predictable universe appealed to scientists and non-scientists alike. 

The Industrial Revolution🏭 changed everything about human society. It changed where people lived, family dynamics, the environment, and the gap between rich💰 and poor💸. New technology and scientific innovations fueled this radical change in human society, and the consequences were both promising for the flourishing of humanity as well as deadly. 

The Industrial Revolution is primarily about the shift from farming to factories. Factories involved humans and machines working together to create products cheaper and more efficiently. By the end of this era, the vast majority of production occurred through factories. Eli Whitney’s interchangeable parts helped propel factory production by creating ways to repair part of a machine without having to replace it entirely. 

New transportation and communication technologies facilitated the growth of industrialization, the movement of people to cities, and the unifying of national economies. The 

 provided overland transportation of goods and people quickly and efficiently. The steamship transported goods and people across oceans and up rivers. Both the railroad and steamship utilized fossil fuels to harness the necessary energy for transportation. This caused more goods available, and people increased their consumption of goods. 

Building the Railroad - Image Courtesy of 

Regarding communication, the telegraph allowed for messages to be transmitted within minutes across great distances via wiring. This is a great change compared with having to handwrite and deliver by hand a letter. 

, which states that species change over time, perhaps into more complex beings, and contains an element that the strong survive (“survival of the fittest”). In the late 1800s, Europeans used Darwin’s theory and applied it to human society and governments, known as 

, to justify establishing colonies in Africa and Asia. The colonies existed to exploit the people economically as well as provided access for spreading Christianity. 

In response to perhaps centuries of religious dominance in Europe, many philosophers turned to secular (non-religious) viewpoints. 

 emphasized that science can provide the answers to all of humanity’s problems. However, some viewed science as not enough. 

 pushed back on objective truth, and instead looked toward culture and individuals own perceptions for understanding. 

Relativism pushed Europe toward modernity regarding knowledge by challenging existing understandings. Friedrich Nietzsche stated that “God is dead,” which meant that society is moving beyond religion. 

, the study of the human mind, behavior, and emotions, became popular through Sigmund Freud. Freud believed people were greatly influenced by a subconscious within their mind that caused them to behave in certain ways that people couldn’t necessarily control. 

Einstein's Theory of Relativity challenged Newton’s ideas about the nature of the universe. The 

 stated that places in the universe existed without gravity, which contradicts Newton’s idea that all things are influenced by a gravitational pull. That is a gross oversimplification of Einstein’s work, but it is important to remember these news ideas in the 19th century greatly changed European thought. 

Byproducts of industrialization, imperialism, and competition for resources resulted in global struggles and war💣. Since 1914 and World War I, Europe and the rest of the world became more interconnected, with both positive and negative consequences. In this era, new inventions and scientific advancements🔬 will make life better and longer for humans while also being used to more efficiently kill one another, perhaps even ending humanity in general. 

World War I was primarily fought in the trenches. 

 is essentially long ditches that housed troops separated by a field of battle called no-man’s land. This was a new fighting technique, and it caused for not a lot of territory to be gained or lost during the course of the war. For more on Trench Warfare, there’s a pretty cool scene in Wonder Woman (2017) that has trenches in it. 

New technologies utilized in World War I led to massive loss of life. The advances of science used against each other is a tragedy. The machine gun, poison gas, tank, and submarine are a few examples of the new technology used to kill one another in World War I. 

Similar to World War I, new technology and new military techniques led to increased loss of human life. Germany’s new military technique, known as 

, or “lighting war,” allowed them to rapidly advance their forces by using faster tanks, air support from planes, and focusing their forces on specific points instead of spreading them out. Germany used this to quickly conquer Poland in 1939 (which led Great Britain and France to declare war) and France in 1940. 

The U.S. eventually enters the war, bringing with it superior industrialized power that eventually overwhelmed Germany and Japan. To bring Japan to surrender, the U.S. developed the 

 that could destroy an entire city. The U.S. used the nuclear bomb on two Japanese cities before their ultimate surrender. This increased fear and tension in the world because humanity could literally destroy itself through nuclear weapons.  

Nuclear Impact on Hiroshima, Japan - Image Courtesy of 

New technology from 1914 to the present influenced debates regarding morality, religion, and philosophy. Birth control and abortion related to women’s bodies and feminism, however, not everyone supported these practices. 

, especially in the 21st century, involves taking a pill that helps prevent a woman from becoming pregnant, and 

 terminates an unwanted pregnancy. Abortion occurs for a variety of reasons (sometimes to even protect the health of the woman), but it sparks debate, particularly from religious groups, about the ethical nature of the practice. 

 makes the world, including Europe, more interconnected. Ideas, goods, and technology travel from one country to another rapidly. Europe experienced a great deal of imported technology from the U.S. following the end of World War II in 1945. 

New communication technology transformed European life, such as telephone📞, radio📻, television📺, and the internet💻. Ideas could be spread quicker than ever before in history, and people, especially with the internet, could participate in contemporary debates with one another. With television and the internet, people in Europe would recognize and appreciate celebrities that perhaps never set foot in Europe. 

Not everyone appreciated globalization because of its impact on the environment and the nature of consumerism. Serious environmental issues persist in Europe, especially regarding greenhouse gases and climate change. That is a byproduct of industrialization and magnified with globalization. These Green party groups desire for more sustainability and not the destruction of the natural world. 

To what extent did new technology foster change in European society from 1945 to the present?

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Unit 5: Conflict, Crisis, and Reaction in the Late 18th Century﻿

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Thematic Guides

Document Based Questions (DBQ)

Unit 1: Renaissance and Exploration

Unit 2: Age of Reformation

Unit 3: Absolutism and Constitutionalism

Unit 4: Scientific, Philosophical, and Political Developments

Unit 5: Conflict, Crisis, and Reaction in the Late 18th Century

Unit 6: Industrialization and Its Effects

Unit 7: 19th-Century Perspectives and Political Developments

Unit 8: 20th-Century Global Conflicts

Unit 9: Cold War and Contemporary Europe

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