AP Art History Unit 4 Cheatsheet: Later Europe and Americas, 1750-1980 CE

1750–1980 CE: Rapid change driven by:

• Industrialization, urbanization, economic upheaval, migration, war
• Reformation of countries and governments
• Women's and civil rights movements

Enlightenment → Romanticism → Modernism → Postmodernism

• Enlightenment: Scientific inquiry, empirical evidence, human rights, belief in progress
• Romanticism: Critique of Enlightenment and industrialization
• Key philosophies: Marx (economics/class), Darwin (evolution), Freud (psychology), Einstein (physics)
• Postmodern theory: Later challenged modernist assumptions

Proliferation of movements, often grouped under Modernism:

• Neoclassicism, Romanticism, Realism, Impressionism
• Post-Impressionism, Symbolism, Expressionism
• Cubism, Constructivism, Abstraction, Surrealism
• Abstract Expressionism, Pop Art, Performance Art
• Earth and Environmental Art

Revival styles in architecture: Classical, Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque

Avant-garde: Artists working with common dedication to innovation; often published manifestos, worked on margins of mainstream, pursued radical individualism

From private to public:

• Church patronage declined; corporate patronage emerged
• Public exhibitions (Salon in Paris, commercial galleries)
• Museum became institution of civic/national pride
• Art became commodity appreciating in value

Audience reception:

• Ranged from private patrons to hostile public
• Academies initially controlled display; influence receded
• Artists worked without patronage or in self-defined groups

Post-WWII: US artists dominated global art market

Women artists: Slowly gained recognition competing for recognition of individuality and genius