1. What role did justices of the peace play in Tudor England and how did they strengthen royal authority?

2. How did the English Bill of Rights of 1689 limit the monarch's power compared to earlier Tudor rule?

1. What was the system of intendants and how did it help Louis XIII and Cardinal Richelieu centralize French government?

2. How did Louis XIV use the Palace of Versailles to consolidate his absolute power over the French nobility?

3. What did Louis XIV mean by 'L'etat, c'est moi' and what does this reveal about his concept of absolute monarchy?

1. How did Ivan IV use confiscation of lands and the oprichnina to control the boyar class?

1. What steps did Peter the Great take to consolidate power and defeat rivals to the throne?

2. How did Peter the Great reform the Russian government through the creation of provinces and a senate?

3. How did Peter's government reforms change how provincial officials were paid and what problems did the old system create?

1. How did the three powerful daimyo—Oda Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, and Tokugawa Ieyasu—gradually unify Japan?

2. What system did the Tokugawa shogunate use to control the daimyo and centralize power over Japan's feudal territories?

1. How did Akbar establish an efficient government and centralized control over the Mughal Empire?

2. What were zamindars and how did their role change from Akbar's reign to later Mughal rulers?

1. Why did Peter the Great move Russia's capital to St. Petersburg and how did the city's design reflect his goals?

1. How did Askia the Great use Islam and pilgrimage to Mecca to legitimize his rule and unite the Songhai Empire?

1. What architectural accomplishments did Mughal rulers like Shah Jahan create and what did they demonstrate about their power?

1. How did Ottoman rulers use architecture and art in Istanbul to legitimize their rule and maintain cultural continuity?

1. How did Louis XIV use the Palace of Versailles as a political instrument to control the nobility and legitimize his power?

1. What industries did Peter the Great establish or encourage to raise revenue for his military ventures?

2. How did Peter's shift from a land tax to a head tax in 1718 affect Russian peasants and serfdom?

1. How did tax farming in the Ottoman and Mughal empires lead to corruption and what were the consequences?

1. What types of taxes did the Ming Dynasty collect and how were they used?

2. Why did the Ming Dynasty fall into bankruptcy despite initially storing grain surpluses?

1. What were tributes and how did empires like China, the Aztec, and Songhai use them to demonstrate power?