1. What is encoding and how do different types of encoding processes work to transform information into memory?

2. How do emotional experiences affect the encoding process, and what limitations exist when emotions are too intense?

3. What is the difference between maintenance rehearsal and elaborative rehearsal in terms of encoding effectiveness?

4. How do semantic encoding, visual encoding, and organizing information into categories enhance memory encoding?

1. What are mnemonic devices and how do they aid encoding through association and repetition?

2. How do the acronym technique and the method of loci work as mnemonic strategies?

3. Why is personalizing mnemonic devices to individual preferences and learning styles effective for encoding?

1. What is chunking and how does it increase the amount of information that can be stored in short-term memory?

2. How do categories and hierarchies organize information to make retrieval from memory easier?

1. What is the spacing effect and how does distributed practice differ from massed practice in terms of memory retention?

2. Why does spaced repetition strengthen memory traces and create more durable long-term retention than cramming?

3. How can you apply the spacing effect to your own studying to improve encoding and retention?

1. What is the serial position effect and how do the primacy effect and recency effect explain what we remember from a list?

2. Why are items in the middle of a list typically remembered less well than items at the beginning or end?