AP Psychology AMSCO Guided Notes
2.3: Introduction to Memory
AP Psychology Guided Notes
AMSCO 2.3 - Introduction to Memory
Essential Questions
- How do the types, structures, and processes of memory work?
A. How Memory Works
1. What is memory and what are the three steps of the information-processing model?
2. How do automatic processing and schemas help the brain manage multiple stimuli at once?
3. How do short-term memory and long-term memory differ in their capacity and duration?
B. Long-Term Memory
1. Explicit Memory
1. What is explicit memory and how does effortful processing differ from automatic processing?
2. How do episodic and semantic memories differ in their content and origin?
2. Implicit Memory
1. What are procedural memories and why are they resistant to amnesia?
2. How does priming work to retrieve implicit memories from long-term memory?
3. Prospective Memory
1. What is prospective memory and how does it differ from other types of memory?
C. Long-Term Potentiation
1. What is long-term potentiation and how does practice strengthen neural networks?
2. What role does the hippocampus play in transferring information from short-term to long-term memory?
3. How are different aspects of a single concept stored in different parts of the cerebral cortex?
4. What is a cognitive map and what role do the basal ganglia play in creating and maintaining habits?
D. Short-Term and Working Memory
1. How do short-term memory and working memory differ in their functions?
2. What is the capacity of working memory and what analogy helps explain its function?
E. Working Memory Model
1. What are the main components of the working memory model and what does each component do?
2. How do rehearsal and elaboration help transfer information from working memory to long-term memory?
F. The Multi-Store Model
1. Sensory Memory
1. What is sensory memory and what are iconic and echoic memory?
2. Why is attention necessary for information to move from sensory memory to short-term memory?
2. Short-Term Memory (STM)
1. How long does information typically remain in short-term memory and what makes it vulnerable to loss?
3. Long-term memory (LTM)
1. What is encoding and why is it necessary for information to reach long-term memory?
2. What is the key difference between long-term memory capacity and computer hard drive capacity?
G. The Levels of Processing Model
1. How does shallow processing differ from elaborative rehearsal in transferring information to long-term memory?
2. What are the three main levels of processing and how does each affect memory encoding?
3. How do self-referent encoding and interleaving improve deep processing and memory retention?
Key Terms
automatic processing
levels of processing model
semantic encoding
central executive
long-term memory (LTM)
semantic memories
deep processing
long-term potentiation (LTP)
sensory memory
echoic memory
shallow processing
effortful processing
memory
short-term memory (STM)
encoding
multi-store model
storage
episodic buffer
phonemic encoding
structural encoding
episodic memory
phonological loop
visuospatial sketchpad
explicit memory
procedural memory
working memory
iconic memory
prospective memory
working memory model
implicit memory
retrieval