1. How do you identify the independent and dependent variables in a research study description?

2. What information does a line graph reveal about the relationship between variables that a table might not show as clearly?

3. How do bar charts and histograms differ in their use, and what type of data does each represent?

1. What do error bars represent on a graph, and what information do they communicate about the data?

2. How does a scatterplot display the relationship between two variables, and what does the line of best fit indicate?

3. What is the difference between a positive correlation, negative correlation, and no correlation as shown in scatterplots?

4. How can diagrams and labeled figures help in understanding psychological and biological concepts?

1. How do you calculate the mean, and what is a disadvantage of using the mean when a data set contains extreme values?

2. What is the median, and when is it a better measure of central tendency than the mean?

3. What is the mode, and for what type of data is the mode the most appropriate measure of central tendency?

4. What is a bimodal distribution, and what might it indicate about the data set?

1. What is the range, and what limitation does it have in describing how spread out data are?

2. What is standard deviation, and how does it describe the spread of data around the mean?

3. What is a z-score, and how does it relate to standard deviation?

1. What is a normal distribution, and what percentage of scores fall within one, two, and three standard deviations of the mean?

2. How can you use the mean, standard deviation, and normal distribution to calculate a percentile rank?

3. What is an outlier, and how might it affect a data set?

4. What is true about the relationship between mean, median, and mode in a normal distribution?

1. What is a skewed distribution, and how does the mean behave differently in skewed distributions compared to normal distributions?

2. How do positively skewed and negatively skewed distributions differ in terms of where data points cluster and how the measures of central tendency relate to each other?

1. What is regression toward the mean, and why do extreme scores tend to be closer to the average on subsequent measurements?

2. How does collecting more data points affect the overall mean of a data set?

1. What is a correlation coefficient, and what does the value tell you about the strength and direction of a relationship between variables?

2. Why does a strong correlation between two variables not prove that one variable causes the other?

1. What is statistical significance, and what does a p-value of 0.05 or less indicate about research results?

2. What is effect size, and how does it differ from statistical significance in interpreting research findings?

3. How can you calculate effect size using Cohen's d, and what do small, medium, and large effect sizes indicate?