1. What are the key steps of the scientific method and how do they ensure systematic investigation?

2. What is empirical data and why is it essential to the scientific process?

1. What is a hypothesis and what must it specify about variables and their relationships?

1. Why is experimental methodology the only research type that can establish cause-and-effect relationships?

2. What is the difference between an independent variable and a dependent variable?

3. What is random assignment and why is it essential for eliminating group differences?

4. How do experimental and control groups differ, and what role does each play in testing hypotheses?

1. What are the four main types of non-experimental methodologies and how do they differ from experimental research?

2. What is a case study and what types of data sources do researchers use in case studies?

3. How does correlation research examine relationships between variables?

4. What is meta-analysis and what advantage does it provide over individual studies?

5. How does naturalistic observation differ from experimental research in terms of researcher intervention?

1. What does it mean for a hypothesis to be falsifiable and why is this essential for scientific research?

2. What five qualities must a falsifiable hypothesis possess?

1. How does the 'if-then' format help researchers identify variables and their relationships?

2. What are operational definitions and why are they critical for replicating studies?

1. What is the difference between random sampling and random assignment?

2. What is sampling bias and how does it affect the generalizability of research findings?

3. When and why might researchers use convenience sampling instead of random sampling?

4. What is external validity and how does random sampling contribute to it?

1. What is the placebo effect and how can researchers control for it in studies?

2. How do single-blind and double-blind studies differ in their approach to eliminating bias?

3. What is experimenter bias and how can it interfere with research outcomes?

1. What are the key differences between qualitative and quantitative measures in research?

2. What is a Likert scale and how does it allow researchers to quantify subjective variables?

3. How do generalizability and accuracy differ between qualitative and quantitative research?

1. How does appropriate representation of participants affect both research conduct and outcomes?

2. What is peer review and why is it essential to maintaining scientific integrity?

3. What is replication and why is it vital to the scientific process?

1. What is a case study and what types of data sources do researchers typically use?

2. What are the advantages and limitations of case studies in terms of generalizability and replication?

1. What is a positive correlation and what is a negative correlation?

2. Why can correlational studies not determine cause and effect?

3. What is the directionality problem and how does it complicate interpretation of correlational data?

4. What is the third variable problem and how might it affect correlational findings?

1. What are the advantages and challenges of using surveys for data collection?

2. How can wording and framing of survey questions influence participant responses?

3. What is self-report bias and what is social desirability bias in survey research?

1. What is a structured interview and what are its key features?

2. How do structured interviews help reduce bias and ensure consistency in data collection?

1. What is meta-analysis and what advantage does it provide in understanding research findings?

2. What complications can arise when conducting a meta-analysis across multiple studies?

1. What is naturalistic observation and how does it avoid the artificiality of laboratory research?

2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of naturalistic observation as a research method?

1. What is informed consent and what information must participants receive before a study begins?

2. What is informed assent and when is it required in research with minors?

3. What rights do participants have regarding their participation in a study?

1. What is the central ethical guideline regarding harm in psychological research?

2. How do researchers assess and justify risks in their studies?

1. How do researchers protect participant confidentiality and anonymity during and after a study?

1. When is deception acceptable in psychological research and what are the limitations?

2. What is debriefing and why is it essential when deception has been used?

3. What are research confederates and what role do they play in deceptive studies?

1. What is the Animal Care and Use Committee and how does it protect animals in research?

2. How has technology changed the use of animals in psychological research?