1. What are psychological perspectives and how do they function as lenses for understanding behavior?

2. What is the self-serving bias and how does it protect self-esteem?

3. What is the difference between logical conclusions and objective conclusions?

1. Why is Wilhelm Wundt considered the father of psychology and what was his major contribution?

2. How did structuralism and functionalism differ in their approaches to understanding consciousness?

1. What was introspection and why was it unsuccessful as a research method?

2. How did William James's concept of stream of consciousness challenge structuralism?

3. What contributions did Mary Whiton Calkins and Margaret Floy Washburn make to early psychology?

4. How does Gestalt psychology differ from structuralism in examining human experience?

1. What is the psychoanalytic approach and what role does the unconscious mind play in it?

2. How do the id, ego, and superego interact according to Freud's theory?

3. What are the main criticisms of Freud's psychoanalytic theory?

1. What is the behavioral approach and why did behaviorists focus on observable behavior?

2. What is the law of effect and how does it relate to classical conditioning?

3. How did B.F. Skinner's operant conditioning differ from classical conditioning?

4. What is the main limitation of radical behaviorism as described by Skinner?

1. What is the cognitive approach and what major flaw in behaviorism did it address?

2. How does the cognitive approach differ from the behavioral approach in explaining behavior?

1. What is the humanistic approach and how does it differ from psychoanalytic and behavioral approaches?

2. What is self-actualization and how does it relate to Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

3. What are the main criticisms of the humanistic approach?

1. What is the sociocultural approach and what factors does it emphasize in shaping behavior?

1. What is the biological approach and what biological factors does it examine?

2. How have advances in brain imaging technology improved biological psychology?

1. What is the evolutionary approach and how does it extend Darwin's theory of natural selection?

2. What are examples of human behaviors that evolutionary psychologists might explain?

1. What is the biopsychosocial model and how does it integrate multiple factors in understanding illness?

2. How does the biopsychosocial model change the way medical professionals view patients?

1. What are cultural norms and how do they influence human behavior and mental processes?

2. How do cultural expectations shape individual decisions regarding education, career, and relationships?

3. How do cultural circumstances and historical contexts influence psychological traits and coping mechanisms?

1. How do Lulu's cultural values of collectivism conflict with her new school's emphasis on individualism?

1. What is confirmation bias and how does it affect how people seek and interpret information?

2. How can confirmation bias compromise the quality of research?

1. What is hindsight bias and how does it distort memory of past events?

2. How can hindsight bias negatively affect learning and planning for future uncertainties?

1. What is overconfidence bias and how does it lead to poor decision-making?

2. How can overconfidence bias affect researchers' willingness to investigate contradictory findings?

1. How do cognitive biases affect perception, decision-making, and memory in daily life?

2. What are the benefits of recognizing and limiting the influence of cognitive biases?

1. How can cultural differences in expressing psychological distress lead to misdiagnosis?

2. Why is a one-size-fits-all approach to diagnosis problematic in clinical settings?

1. How were early intelligence tests misused to reinforce racial hierarchies?

2. What are the consequences of using biased psychological assessments in educational and social policies?

1. What ethical violations occurred in the Stanford Prison Experiment and why did they inspire change?

2. How can lack of informed consent and inadequate protection from harm compromise research ethics?

1. How can oversimplifying concepts like individualism versus collectivism lead to stereotyping?

2. Why is cultural competence essential in psychological practice and research?