1. What factors contributed to Europeans' confidence in progress before World War I?

2. How did some cultural leaders before World War I challenge the widespread European belief in progress?

3. Why did new scientific and psychological theories have limited impact on European society before World War I?

1. What was the Newtonian view of the universe and how did discoveries of subatomic particles challenge it?

2. What did Albert Einstein's theory of relativity claim about space, time, and matter?

3. What was Werner Heisenberg's uncertainty principle and why did it challenge earlier scientific beliefs?

4. How did the work of Erwin Schrödinger, Enrico Fermi, and Niels Bohr contribute to understanding atomic structure and nuclear energy?

1. What did the new physics acknowledge about the behavior of particles and how did this differ from earlier scientific frameworks?

2. What were the major consequences of new physics for European society in the latter half of the 20th century?

1. What were the main ideas Sigmund Freud presented in The Interpretation of Dreams and how did they challenge the belief in human reason?

2. According to Freud, what was the relationship between the id, ego, and superego in human behavior?

3. What is psychoanalysis and how did Freud use it to treat psychological conflicts?

1. How did World War I create opportunities for women to enter new types of work and what impact did this have on their postwar status?

2. How did women's changing roles during and after World War I influence their fashion choices and social behavior?

1. What happened to women's employment in France between 1917 and 1926 after World War I ended?

2. Despite the loss of industrial jobs after World War I, what long-term change did women's wartime work experience create?

1. In what ways did women participate in World War II beyond traditional support roles?

2. How did women's participation in the British and Soviet workforces during World War II differ from their experience after World War I?

3. What evidence shows that women made up a significant portion of the wartime labor force in Britain during World War II?

1. How did World War I contribute to disillusionment with traditional ideas about progress and rationality?

1. What two main ways did European societies move toward democracy following World War I?

2. Which European countries adopted universal suffrage in the interwar period and what does the variation in their adoption of new constitutions suggest about democratization?

1. What did the term Lost Generation mean and why were young adults after World War I described this way?

2. How did the Lost Generation's view of postwar society differ from the values they inherited from their parents?

3. Which American writers were associated with the Lost Generation and how did they express postwar disillusionment?