2.1 Formation of passé composé with avoir and être

The passé composé is a crucial French past tense. It's formed using an auxiliary verb (avoir or être) and a past participle. Most verbs use avoir, but some motion verbs and all reflexive verbs use être.

Knowing which auxiliary to use is key. With être, the past participle must agree with the subject in gender and number. Regular verbs follow patterns for past participles, while irregular verbs require memorization.

Past Participle Usage in Passé Composé

Auxiliary Verb Selection

• The passé composé is a compound past tense formed with an auxiliary verb (avoir or être) and a past participle
• Most verbs use avoir as the auxiliary verb in passé composé
  • Common verbs that use avoir include parler (to speak), manger (to eat), and écouter (to listen)
• Certain verbs, primarily intransitive verbs of motion or change of state, use être as the auxiliary verb in passé composé
  • Common être verbs include aller (to go), venir (to come), arriver (to arrive), partir (to leave), entrer (to enter), sortir (to exit), naître (to be born), and mourir (to die)
• Reflexive verbs always use être as the auxiliary verb in passé composé

Past Participle Agreement

• When using être, the past participle must agree in gender and number with the subject
  • The past participle adds -e for feminine subjects (elle est allée)
  • The past participle adds -s for plural subjects (ils sont allés)
  • The past participle adds -es for feminine plural subjects (elles sont allées)

Avoir vs Être Conjugation in Present Tense

Avoir Conjugation

• The present tense conjugations of avoir are:
  • j'ai
  • tu as
  • il/elle/on a
  • nous avons
  • vous avez
  • ils/elles ont

Être Conjugation

• The present tense conjugations of être are:
  • je suis
  • tu es
  • il/elle/on est
  • nous sommes
  • vous êtes
  • ils/elles sont
• The auxiliary verb in passé composé must agree with the subject in person and number
  • For example, "je suis allé(e)" for first person singular, "nous sommes allés(es)" for first person plural

Identifying Past Participles for Passé Composé

Regular Verb Past Participles

• For regular -er verbs, the past participle is formed by replacing the -er ending with -é
  • For example, the past participle of parler is parlé
• For regular -ir verbs, the past participle is formed by replacing the -ir ending with -i
  • For example, the past participle of finir is fini
• For regular -re verbs, the past participle is formed by replacing the -re ending with -u
  • For example, the past participle of vendre is vendu

Irregular Verb Past Participles

• Many common verbs have irregular past participles that must be memorized
• Some examples include:
  • fait (faire)
  • bu (boire)
  • pris (prendre)
  • lu (lire)
  • écrit (écrire)
  • dit (dire)
  • mis (mettre)
  • ouvert (ouvrir)
  • couvert (couvrir)