1. How did geography and climate influence the development of different Native American cultures?

2. What are examples of how Native Americans transformed their environments to support agriculture?

1. What were the primary motivations that drove European explorers to the Americas?

2. How did European explorers typically gain control over Native American lands and resources?

1. What was the Columbian Exchange and what types of goods and organisms were traded?

2. How did European crops and diseases affect Native American populations differently?

1. Why did Europeans bring enslaved Africans to the Americas and what work did they perform?

2. How did Native Americans and Africans respond to European domination?

1. What economic activities formed the foundation of Spanish and Portuguese colonies in the Americas?

2. How did the extraction of precious metals from American colonies affect Spain's position in Europe?