4.1 Innovations and Emerging Technologies | 创新与新兴科技 | 創新與新興科技
🇨🇳AP Chinese Language and Culture Unit 4 Review
4.1 Innovations and Emerging Technologies | 创新与新兴科技 | 創新與新興科技
🇨🇳 AP Chinese
创新与新兴科技
概述
科技创新是当代中国社会最显著的变化之一。从移动支付到人工智能,从高铁网络到航天探索,中国在多个科技领域快速发展,深刻改变了普通人的日常生活。这个主题不只是关于"技术"本身,而是关于技术如何重塑人与人之间的关系、改变社会结构、以及引发新的文化讨论。
中国科技创新的背景
中国政府将科技创新列为国家战略重点。2015年提出的"中国制造2025"计划,目标是推动中国从制造大国转型为科技强国,重点发展人工智能、半导体、新能源汽车等领域。
与此同时,民间科技企业也快速崛起。阿里巴巴(Alibaba)、腾讯(Tencent)、华为(Huawei)、字节跳动(ByteDance)等公司不仅在国内市场占据主导地位,也在全球范围内产生了广泛影响。
这种"政府推动加市场驱动"的双轨模式,使中国的科技发展呈现出独特的面貌。
例1:移动支付与无现金社会
支付宝(Alipay)和微信支付(WeChat Pay)是中国移动支付的两大平台。在中国大多数城市,无论是在超市购物、路边摊买早餐,还是向街头艺人打赏,扫码支付已经成为默认方式。
这一变化速度之快令人瞩目。2010年代初,现金仍是主流;到2020年代,许多商家甚至不再接受现金。老年人群体因此面临适应困难,引发了社会对"数字鸿沟"(digital divide)的广泛讨论。
中国人民银行(People's Bank of China)也在推进数字人民币(e-CNY)的试点,希望在移动支付普及的基础上,进一步建立国家主导的数字货币体系。
这个案例说明:一项技术的普及,不只是便利问题,还涉及金融监管、社会公平和国家主权等更深层的议题。
例2:人工智能与日常生活
人工智能(AI)在中国的应用已经渗透到教育、医疗、交通等多个领域。
在教育领域,好未来(TAL Education)等公司曾大规模使用AI系统分析学生的学习数据,根据每个学生的薄弱点推送个性化练习题。2021年,中国政府出台"双减政策",限制校外培训机构,这些AI教育平台受到直接冲击,但AI辅助学习的模式并未消失,而是转向学校内部应用。
在医疗领域,阿里健康(Alibaba Health)和平安好医生(Ping An Good Doctor)等平台利用AI辅助诊断,让偏远地区的患者也能获得初步的医疗建议。
人脸识别技术(facial recognition)的应用更为广泛,从地铁进站到小区门禁,再到学校考勤,已经成为城市基础设施的一部分。这一技术的普及同时引发了关于隐私权和数据安全的争议。
例3:航天科技与国家叙事
中国航天事业的发展是另一个重要案例。2021年,"天问一号"(Tianwen-1)成功登陆火星,"祝融号"火星车开始工作。同年,中国空间站"天宫"(Tiangong)的核心舱"天和"发射成功,中国成为继美国和俄罗斯之后,第三个独立建设空间站的国家。
这些成就在中国国内被广泛报道,成为激发民族自豪感的重要叙事。航天员(taikonauts)也成为公众偶像,进入中小学教材。
从文化角度看,"嫦娥"(Chang'e)探月工程的命名直接来源于中国古代神话,将现代科技与传统文化联系起来,体现了一种有意识的文化建构。
这个主题可以怎样理解
| 角度 | 可以关注什么 |
|---|---|
| 文化产品 | 支付宝、微信支付等移动支付应用;数字人民币(e-CNY);华为5G设备;"天宫"空间站、"祝融号"火星车;国产新能源汽车品牌,如比亚迪(BYD)、蔚来(NIO) |
| 日常做法 | 扫码支付代替现金的日常消费习惯;使用健康码(health code)进行出行管理(新冠疫情期间);通过网络平台进行远程医疗问诊;学生使用AI学习软件做个性化练习;用人脸识别代替门禁卡或身份证 |
| 价值观念 | 许多中国人认为科技进步是国家强盛的重要标志,对本国科技成就感到自豪;部分人担忧技术带来的隐私问题和数据安全风险;老年人和农村居民对数字化转型的适应存在困难,引发对社会公平的关注;政府将科技创新视为实现"中华民族伟大复兴"的关键路径之一 |
重要词汇
| 词汇 | 拼音 | 意思 |
|---|---|---|
| 创新 | chuàngxīn | innovation |
| 人工智能 | réngōng zhìnéng | artificial intelligence (AI) |
| 移动支付 | yídòng zhīfù | mobile payment |
| 扫码 | sǎo mǎ | to scan a QR code |
| 数字鸿沟 | shùzì hónggōu | digital divide |
| 大数据 | dà shùjù | big data |
| 隐私 | yǐnsī | privacy |
| 数据安全 | shùjù ānquán | data security |
| 人脸识别 | rénliǎn shíbié | facial recognition |
| 新能源汽车 | xīn néngyuán qìchē | new energy vehicle |
| 航天 | hángtiān | spaceflight / aerospace |
| 5G网络 | 5G wǎngluò | 5G network |
| 个性化 | gèxìnghuà | personalized / customization |
| 普及 | pǔjí | to become widespread |
| 监管 | jiānguǎn | regulation / oversight |
| 转型 | zhuǎnxíng | transformation / transition |
| 自主研发 | zìzhǔ yánfā | independent research and development |
| 竞争力 | jìngzhēnglì | competitiveness |
试题中可以直接用的表达
- 随着科技的发展,……(As technology develops, ...)
- 这项技术的普及改变了人们的生活方式。(The widespread adoption of this technology has changed people's lifestyles.)
- 一方面……另一方面……(On one hand... on the other hand...)
- 这引发了关于……的讨论。(This sparked discussion about...)
- 不可否认,……(It cannot be denied that...)
- 与此同时,也有人担心……(At the same time, some people worry that...)
AP考试中的应用
阅读和听力
考试中关于这个主题的材料可能包括:新闻报道(如介绍某项新技术的推广)、图表(如移动支付使用率的变化趋势)、对话(如两个人讨论AI对就业的影响)。遇到不认识的词,可以根据上下文推断,例如看到"无人驾驶汽车",即使不认识"无人驾驶",也可以从"汽车"判断大致类别。
写作和口语
在文化比较题(Cultural Comparison)中,可以用中国移动支付的普及与其他国家的支付习惯进行对比,分析背后的文化和社会原因。
在说明文写作或演讲中,使用"一方面……另一方面……"和"这引发了关于……的讨论"等结构,可以帮助你清晰表达不同立场,展示对议题的深度理解。
在回答"科技对社会的影响"类问题时,避免只说"科技很好"或"科技有问题",而要用具体例子(如支付宝改变消费习惯、人脸识别引发隐私争议)来支撑你的观点,这样的回答更有说服力,也更符合AP考试对内容深度的要求。
Practice Questions for 4.1
1 of 10
A student is writing a cultural essay about China's space program and wants to explain the concept of 航天精神 (hángtiān jīngshén) — the spirit of dedication, sacrifice, and national pride associated with China's aerospace workers — but cannot recall the term. The student writes:
'参与中国航天项目的科学家和工程师往往在偏远地区工作几十年,远离家人,生活条件艰苦,但他们把个人的牺牲看作是为国家做贡献的荣誉。这种把国家使命放在个人生活之上的精神,已经成为中国航天文化的核心价值观。'
A classmate reads the essay and argues the student is using paraphrasing. Which of the following best evaluates both the classmate's claim and the actual strategy being used?
A.
Ineffective circumlocution, because describing sacrifice and national mission without naming 航天精神 is too abstract and culturally vague for a written essay audience to identify the concept
B.
Effective circumlocution, describing aerospace workers' sacrifice, remote conditions, and prioritizing national mission over personal life without naming the cultural concept
C.
Effective paraphrasing of a prior explanation of 航天精神 by restating its sacrifice and national-mission values in accessible written language for a cultural essay audience
D.
Ineffective circumlocution, because the formal written register of the description is inappropriate for conveying a cultural value concept that requires spoken interpersonal explanation
Vocabulary
The following words are mentioned explicitly in the AP® course framework for this topic.Term | Definition |
|---|---|
digital divide (数字鸿沟) | the gap between groups that can easily access and use digital technology and those that cannot |
digital yuan (数字人民币) | China's state-backed digital currency designed for electronic payments and financial oversight |
facial recognition (人脸识别) | technology that identifies or verifies a person by scanning and matching facial features |
health QR code (健康码) | a digital color-code system used during the pandemic to regulate movement and verify health status |
mobile payment (移动支付) | the everyday use of smartphones and QR codes to pay for goods and services without cash |
Frequently Asked Questions
What does AP Chinese 4.1 Innovations and Emerging Technologies cover?
This topic looks at how technology is reshaping daily life and society in China. The guide covers mobile payments, artificial intelligence, and space technology. It also looks at the government and private companies that drive innovation, and at debates about privacy and fairness.
How did 支付宝 and 微信支付 change daily life in China?
支付宝 (Alipay) and 微信支付 (WeChat Pay) made scanning a QR code the default way to pay in most Chinese cities. People use them at grocery stores, street stalls, and even to tip performers. Many businesses stopped taking cash, which left some elderly people behind and sparked talk about the 数字鸿沟 (digital divide).
What are the key AI examples to know for this topic?
The guide gives three AI areas. In education, 好未来 (TAL Education) used AI for personalized practice until the 2021 双减政策 (Double Reduction Policy). In healthcare, 阿里健康 and 平安好医生 help with diagnosis. 人脸识别 (facial recognition) is used in subways and building access, and it raises privacy debates.
What does China's space program show about culture and technology?
It shows how technology can support national pride and link to tradition. In 2021, 天问一号 landed on Mars with the 祝融号 rover, and the 天和 module of the 天宫 space station launched. The 嫦娥 lunar program is named after an ancient myth, which ties modern science to traditional culture.
What vocabulary should I learn for 4.1 Innovations and Emerging Technologies?
Start with 创新 (chuàngxīn, innovation), 人工智能 (réngōng zhìnéng, AI), 移动支付 (yídòng zhīfù, mobile payment), 隐私 (yǐnsī, privacy), 数据安全 (shùjù ānquán, data security), and 数字鸿沟 (shùzì hónggōu, digital divide). Also learn 普及 (pǔjí, become widespread), 监管 (jiānguǎn, regulation), and 转型 (zhuǎnxíng, transformation).
How can technology topics show up on the AP Chinese exam?
In Section II, technology can appear in Listening sets like Audio Report or Conversation, and in Reading sets like Article or Article and Chart. In Story Narration and Email Response, use phrases like 一方面……另一方面…… and give concrete examples. In Project Q&A, a cultural comparison, such as payment habits, can work if it fits your project.
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