Mexica

Definition

The Mexica, often referred to as the Aztecs, were a Mesoamerican people who established a powerful empire in central Mexico from the 14th to the 16th century. They are known for their advanced society, which included a complex political system, impressive architectural achievements, and a rich cultural heritage. The Mexica Empire became a dominant force in the region, exerting influence over surrounding territories through military conquest and political alliances.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. The Mexica established Tenochtitlan in 1325, which became one of the largest cities in the world at its peak, with a population of over 200,000.
2. The Mexica Empire expanded rapidly through military conquest and formed a triple alliance with the city-states of Texcoco and Tlacopan, creating a powerful political entity.
3. The Mexica were skilled farmers who developed chinampas, or floating gardens, which allowed them to maximize agricultural production on the lake's surface.
4. Religion was central to Mexica society; they believed that their survival depended on pleasing their gods through rituals and sacrifices, including human offerings.
5. The arrival of Spanish conquistadors led by Hernán Cortés in 1519 marked the beginning of the end for the Mexica Empire, culminating in its fall in 1521.

Review Questions

• How did the Mexica's political structure contribute to their ability to create and maintain such a vast empire?
  • The Mexica's political structure was highly centralized under the rule of an emperor, supported by a council of nobles and military leaders. This strong leadership allowed for efficient decision-making and coordination during military campaigns and resource allocation. Additionally, their tribute system ensured that they could support a large population and army by extracting wealth from conquered territories, reinforcing their power and influence across Mesoamerica.
• Discuss the significance of Tenochtitlan as both a capital city and cultural center for the Mexica Empire.
  • Tenochtitlan was not only the capital of the Mexica Empire but also a thriving cultural and economic hub. Its impressive architecture included temples and palaces that showcased Mexica engineering prowess and religious devotion. The city's layout facilitated trade and commerce, drawing people from various regions. Tenochtitlan's significance extended beyond politics; it was a vibrant center for art, education, and religious ceremonies that reflected the values and beliefs of the Mexica civilization.
• Evaluate how the tribute system implemented by the Mexica affected their relationships with conquered peoples and contributed to both their strength and vulnerability.
  • The tribute system was crucial for the Mexica's economic stability and military strength, allowing them to gather resources from conquered territories to support their empire. However, this reliance on tribute also fostered resentment among subjugated peoples, leading to unrest and rebellion. While it initially reinforced the Mexica's power through wealth accumulation, it ultimately created vulnerabilities that Spanish conquistadors exploited during their invasion. The tension between maintaining control through tribute and managing relationships with diverse groups contributed to both the rise and fall of the Mexica Empire.

Related terms

Tenochtitlan:

The capital city of the Mexica Empire, built on an island in Lake Texcoco, known for its elaborate temples, bustling marketplaces, and advanced infrastructure.

Tribute System:

A method used by the Mexica to extract resources and labor from conquered peoples, requiring them to pay tribute in the form of goods or services.

Huitzilopochtli:

The Mexica god of war and the sun, who played a central role in their religious beliefs and was honored through human sacrifices.