| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| bar magnet | A permanent magnet with distinct north and south poles that produces a magnetic field with closed field lines. |
| diamagnetism | A property of all materials in which their electronic structure creates a weak alignment of dipole moments opposite to an external magnetic field. |
| Earth's magnetic field | The magnetic field generated by Earth that can be approximated as a magnetic dipole field. |
| external magnetic field | A magnetic field applied to a material from an outside source. |
| ferromagnetic material | Materials such as iron, nickel, and cobalt that can be permanently magnetized by an external field through alignment of magnetic domains. |
| free space | A vacuum or empty space with a constant value of electric permittivity denoted as ε₀. |
| induced magnetism | A system property resulting from the alignment of magnetic dipoles within a material in response to an external magnetic field. |
| magnetic dipole | A pair of equal and opposite magnetic poles that together produce a magnetic field. |
| magnetic domain | Regions within a ferromagnetic material where atomic magnetic dipoles are aligned in the same direction. |
| magnetic field | A vector field that exerts a force on moving electric charges, electric currents, and magnetic materials. |
| magnetic field line | Lines used to represent the direction and strength of a magnetic field; they form closed loops and never begin or end. |
| magnetic force | The force exerted by a magnetic field on a moving electric charge, electric current, or magnetic material. |
| magnetic monopole | A hypothetical isolated magnetic charge that does not exist in nature; magnetic fields are only produced by dipoles. |
| magnetic permeability | A measurement of the amount of magnetization in a material in response to an external magnetic field. |
| magnetic pole | The regions at the ends of a magnetic dipole where magnetic field lines emerge (north pole) or enter (south pole). |
| magnetization | The process by which a material becomes magnetized in response to an external magnetic field. |
| north pole | The end of a magnetic dipole from which magnetic field lines point outward. |
| paramagnetic material | Materials such as aluminum, titanium, and magnesium that interact weakly with an external magnetic field and do not retain alignment after the field is removed. |
| permanent magnetism | A system property resulting from the alignment of magnetic dipoles within a material that persists without an external magnetic field. |
| south pole | The end of a magnetic dipole to which magnetic field lines return. |
| vacuum permeability | The constant value of magnetic permeability in free space, represented by the symbol μ₀, that appears in equations representing physical relationships. |
| vector field | A representation of a field where each point in space is assigned a vector quantity, such as direction and magnitude. |
| vector field map | A visual representation showing vectors at various points in space to illustrate the magnitude and direction of a field quantity. |
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| charge | A fundamental property of matter that can be positive or negative, determining how objects interact electromagnetically. |
| charged object | An object that possesses electric charge and can interact with electric and magnetic fields. |
| conductor | A material through which electric charge can move, with resistivity that typically increases with temperature. |
| electric field | A vector quantity that represents the electric force per unit charge exerted at a given point in space, originating from charged objects. |
| Hall effect | The phenomenon in which a potential difference is created across a conductor when an external magnetic field perpendicular to the direction of charge motion is applied. |
| magnetic field | A vector field that exerts a force on moving electric charges, electric currents, and magnetic materials. |
| magnetic force | The force exerted by a magnetic field on a moving electric charge, electric current, or magnetic material. |
| perpendicular | At a 90-degree angle; the magnetic field direction is perpendicular to both the velocity vector and the position vector from the charged object. |
| position vector | A vector drawn from a moving charged object to a point in space, used to determine the magnetic field direction at that point. |
| right-hand rule | A method for determining the direction of magnetic force, current, or magnetic field using the orientation of the right hand. |
| velocity | The rate and direction of motion of a charged object, which affects the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field it produces. |
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| concentric circle | Circles that share the same center point, used to represent the geometry of magnetic field lines around a straight wire. |
| current-carrying loop | A circular or closed path through which electric current flows, producing a magnetic field along its axis. |
| current-carrying wire | A conductor through which electric current flows, producing a magnetic field around it. |
| magnetic field | A vector field that exerts a force on moving electric charges, electric currents, and magnetic materials. |
| magnetic field vector | Arrows representing the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field at specific points in space. |
| magnetic force | The force exerted by a magnetic field on a moving electric charge, electric current, or magnetic material. |
| perpendicular distance | The shortest distance from a point to a line or surface, measured at a right angle. |
| right-hand rule | A method for determining the direction of magnetic force, current, or magnetic field using the orientation of the right hand. |
| vector addition | The mathematical process of combining two or more vectors to find a resultant vector, used to determine net magnetic fields from multiple sources. |
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| area vector | A vector perpendicular to a surface with magnitude equal to the surface's area, used to calculate magnetic flux. |
| conducting rail | Parallel conductors that form a track along which a conducting rod can move in a magnetic field to generate an induced emf. |
| conducting rod | A rod made of material that allows electric current to flow freely, used in electromagnetic induction applications. |
| cross-sectional area | The area of a cross-section of a conductor, which is inversely proportional to its resistance. |
| Faraday's law | The principle that an induced emf in a circuit is proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux through the circuit. |
| induced electric potential difference | The voltage generated in a conductor or circuit due to a change in magnetic flux through it. |
| induced emf | The electromotive force generated in a conductor or circuit due to a changing magnetic flux. |
| Lenz's law | The principle that an induced emf creates a current whose magnetic field opposes the change in magnetic flux that produced it. |
| magnetic field | A vector field that exerts a force on moving electric charges, electric currents, and magnetic materials. |
| magnetic flux | A measure of the amount of magnetic field passing through a surface, proportional to the perpendicular component of the magnetic field and the cross-sectional area. |
| right-hand rule | A method for determining the direction of magnetic force, current, or magnetic field using the orientation of the right hand. |
| uniform magnetic field | A magnetic field that has the same magnitude and direction at all points in a region of space. |